生态入侵植物的营养器官结构特性研究

[目的]探讨生态入侵植物营养器官对环境的适应特性。[方法]采用高清显示植物组织晶体方法和石蜡切片法,对吉林省长春市郊区环境中的菊科豚草属三裂叶豚草（AmbrosiatrifidaL.）的营养器官根、茎和叶横切面的组织结构进行了观察。[结果]生态入侵植物三裂叶豚草营养器官适合生态入侵的结构基础主要是通过加强根系的水分吸收和输导功能、提高茎叶的水分贮藏功能、降低茎叶水势促进植物对水分的吸收以及加强叶片的同化作用来实现在各种复杂环境条件下迅速生长发育,从而实现有效的生态入侵。[结论]为三裂叶豚草生态入侵的生物基础研究提供了参考。     

小麦TaLTR基因的克隆及初步表达分析

以小麦山融3号为试验材料,克隆了TaLTR cDNA序列(Low temperature-responsive RNA-bind-ing protein)。序列分析表明,TaLTR序列包含完整的ORF区,编码蛋白含有162个氨基酸,其氨基端包含一个RRM(RNA recognition domain)超家族保守的结构域,羧基端则富含甘氨酸;经半定量RT-PCR分析,表明TaLTR参与低温、干旱、盐胁迫逆境反应。     

苎麻光敏感雌性不育性的遗传分析初报

光周期敏感雌性不育苎麻(PFSR)的4个姊妹系自交或相互杂交,后代不育株和可育株呈13S押3F分离,符合两对基因遗传规律,其中一对为抑制基因,雌性不育基因为隐性,假定PFSR基因型为IiF-phfph。但光钝感雌雄同株苎麻(NM)与PFSR杂交F1代呈3S押5F的分离,而不是所预测的1S押1F的分离,说明与光周期钝感有关的质基因和核基因存在互作。本研究对PFSR及其有关子代的基因型作了初步分析。     

不同海拔环境中甘蓝型油菜RIL主要性状的差异分析

为研究海拔高度对甘蓝型油菜RIL群体主要性状的影响,运用方差分析、相关及通径分析方法,比较了在两种不同海拔环境条件下,两个甘蓝型油菜重组自交系（RIL）群体的种子千粒重、含油量、蛋白质含量、皮壳率以及黄籽度等5个主要性状的差异.结果表明：①5个性状都呈连续变异,表现多基因控制的数量性状特点,其中千粒重、含油量和蛋白质含量的频率分布符合正态分布;②高海拔环境的含油量要显著高于低海拔环境,低海拔的蛋白质含量要显著高于高海拔地区,含油量与蛋白质含量呈极显著的负相关;③高海拔环境中的含油量＋蛋白质含量显著地高于低海拔地区;④海拔环境对黄籽度的影响不显著;⑤海拔环境对皮壳率和千粒重的影响可能与群体基因型有关.     

Electrophoretic comparison of the genomes of North American bluetongue viruses, one Australian bluetongue virus, and three other related orbiviruses

The genomes of U.S. bluetongue viruses, an Australian bluetongue virus, and three other related orbiviruses were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The genomes were comprised of ten segments of double-stranded (ds) RNA. Estimates of the molecular weights of the dsRNA segments revealed that the U.S. bluetongue serotypes were remarkably similar. Although the dsRNA profiles of the viruses exhibited common segments, each virus had a distinct dsRNA profile. The usefulness of the genome analysis as a diagnostic tool for identification and for epidemiologic studies is discussed.     

Cd胁迫下绿豆幼苗根部对K·Ca·Mg含量的影响

[目的]研究Cd胁迫下绿豆(Phaseolus raditus L.)幼苗根部矿质元素的代谢。[方法]用1μmol/L Cd2+模拟Cd污染,通过火焰原子吸收分光光度仪(FAAS)对矿质营养元素K、Ca、Mg含量进行测定。[结果]Cd胁迫下,根中的Mg含量降低,K含量先升高后降低,Ca含量却有所升高。[结论]Cd间接影响植物的生长发育。     

The changes in physiological and biochemical traits of Tibetan wild and cultivated barley in response to low phosphorus stress

Low phosphorus (LP) limits crop growth and productivity in the majority of arable lands worldwide. Here, we investigated the changes in physiological and biochemical traits of Tibetan wild barleys (Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum) XZ99 (LP tolerant), XZ100 (LP sensitive), and cultivated barley ZD9 (moderately LP tolerant) under two phosphorus (P) levels during vegetative stage. These genotypes showed considerable differences in the change of biomass accumulation, root/shoot dry weight ratio, root morphology, organic acid secretion, carbohydrate metabolism, ATPase (Adenosine triphosphatase) activity, P concentration and accumulation under LP in comparison with CK (control) condition. The higher LP tolerance of XZ99 is associated with more developed roots, enhanced sucrose biosynthesis and hydrolysis of carbohydrate metabolism pathway, higher APase (Acid phosphatase) and ATPase activity, and more secretion of citrate and succinate in roots when plants are exposed to LP stress. The results prove the potential of Tibetan wild barley in developing barley cultivars with high tolerance to LP stress and understanding the mechanisms of LP tolerance in plants.     

Sulfur Alleviates Growth Inhibition and Oxidative Stress Caused by Cadmium Toxicity in Rice

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sulfur (S) on growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cd²⁺ toxicity, using two rice cultivars with different grain Cd²⁺ content. Treatments consisted of factorial arrangement of three S levels (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mmol), two cadmium (Cd) levels (0 and 1 μ mol), and two rice cultivars (‘Bing 97252,’ a cultivar with low grain Cd²⁺ content, and ‘Xiushui 63,’ a cultivar with high grain Cd²⁺ content). The results showed that Cd²⁺ addition in the medium generally increased Cd²⁺ and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in both roots and shoots; the increases were more pronounced in ‘Xuishui 63’ than in ‘Bing 97252.’ Dramatic reductions in growth parameters, including plant height, root and shoot weight, tillers per plant, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate were found in the plants exposed to Cd stress relative to the plants without Cd²⁺ treatment. ‘Xiushui 63’ showed more sensitivity than ‘Bing 97252’ under Cd²⁺ exposure. In comparison with the lower S level (0.2 mmol), the higher S levels (0.4 and 0.6 mmol) helped alleviate Cd toxicity, characterized by a significant increase in growth parameters, and a decrease in Cd²⁺ and MDA content in both roots and shoots. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the plants varied among tissues, cultivars, and Cd treatments. High Cd²⁺ and MDA content was consistently accompanied by higher SOD activity, and higher S levels caused a marked increase in glutathione content and a reduction in SOD activity, indicating a positive effect of S in alleviating oxidative stress.     

农田黑土中不同浓度乙草胺对玉米苗期生长的影响

通过黑土盆栽试验研究了施用化肥条件下不同浓度乙草胺对玉米苗期生长的影响。结果表明,虽然在整个取样期间,植株体内无乙草胺残留检出,但是乙草胺施用对玉米苗期的形态和生理指标均具有一定影响。植株中超氧化物歧化酶活性、地下部分过氧化物酶活性和株高、根长等形态指标在玉米生长前期发生明显变化,其变化趋势受到乙草胺施用量的显著影响。在施有等量化肥的条件下,低浓度和高浓度乙草胺的施用抑制了玉米的生长,但中等浓度乙草胺对苗期玉米的生长表现出一定的促进作用。随着种植时间的延长,乙草胺活性降低,植物体的各项抗性指标和生理指标趋于一致。     

Nitrogen acquisition by pea and barley and the effect of their crop residues on available nitrogen for subsequent crops

Nitrogen acquisition by field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown on a sandy loam soil and availability of N in three subsequent sequences of a cropping system were studied in an outdoor pot experiment. The effect of crop residues on the N availability was evaluated using ¹⁵N-labelled residues. Field pea fixed 75% of its N requirement and the N₂ fixation almost balanced the N removed with the seeds. The barley crop recovered 80% of the ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer N supplied and the N in the barley grain corresponded to 80% of the fertilizer N taken up by the crop. The uptake of soil-derived N by a test crop (N catch crop) of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) grown in the autumn was higher after pea than after barley. The N uptake in the test crop was reduced by 27% and 34% after pea and barley residue incorporation, respectively, probably due to N immobilization. The dry matter production and total N uptake of a spring barley crop following pea or barley, with a period of unplanted soil in the autumn/winter, were significantly higher after pea than after barley. The barley crop following pea and barley recovered 11% of the pea and 8% of the barley residue N. The pea and barley residue N recovered constituted only 2.5% and <1%, respectively, of total N in the N-fertilized barley. The total N uptake in a test crop of mustard grown in the second autumn following pea and barley cultivation was not significantly influenced by pre-precrop and residue treatment. In the short term, the incorporation of crop residues was not important in terms of contributing N to the subsequent crop compared to soil and fertilizer N sources, but residues improved the conservation of soil N in the autumn. In the long-term, crop residues are an important factor in maintaining soil fertility and supplying plant-available N via mineralization.