土壤—作物资源多目标优化配置分析

本文提出一种多目标土壤—作物资源优化配置的数量化分析方法,并对江苏省东海县土壤资源进行优化配置。结果表明：白浆土、岭砂土、包浆土、紫砂土等岗岭低产土应稳定小麦面积,压缩玉米面积,优先发展春花生、大豆、水稻;洼地砂姜黑土、水稻土应发展小麦—水稻和小麦—玉米两熟制,并适时换茬;介于上述两类土壤间的潮棕壤亚类和潮土类应大力发展小麦—花生两熟制。     

Microsoft Excel sensitivity analysis for linear and stochastic program feed formulation

Sensitivity analysis is a part of mathematical programming solutions and is used in making nutritional and economic decisions for a given feed formulation problem. The terms shadow price and reduced cost are familiar linear program (LP) terms to feed formulators. Because of the nonlinear nature of stochastic programming (SP), different methods and terminology are used to define shadow prices and reduced costs. The Lagrange multiplier is used instead of shadow price to describe marginal value of nutrients. Reduced gradient is used instead of reduced cost to describe the price at which ingredients not used in the formulation would be included in the solution. A spreadsheet feed problem was set up with 11 ingredients and 11 constraints. The LP and SP solutions were determined using the Excel Solver algorithm. Two problems compared LP and SP solutions at 50 and 69% probabilities for the protein constraint. All other constraints were held at a 50% probability. Results for the 50% probability comparison showed that the feed formulations, as expected, were the same for both LP and SP. Wheat was not included in the solution. The LP reduced cost and the SP reduced gradient for unused wheat were equivalent. The LP shadow prices and the SP Lagrange multipliers were equivalent. Results for the 69% probability problem showed a difference in the formulated rations. The LP reduced cost was $34.25 and the SP reduced cost was $34.52, showing the respective amounts that the cost of wheat would have to be reduced to be included in the solution. The shadow price and the Lagrange multiplier were $2.73 and $2.71, respectively, for the amount of increase in diet cost that could be expected by a unit of change in the protein requirement. Some differences in precision were noted with the results. A caveat is that, because of nonlinearity, sensitivity analysis for SP is valid only for the single point of the optimal solution.     

高寒地区苦荞农艺性状及生产性能评价

为探索不同地区苦荞在高寒地区的农艺性状及生产性能,采用多重比较及聚类分析法分析了7个地区13种苦荞的农艺性状及生产性能。结果表明不同地区苦荞的农艺性状及生产性能差异显著(P0.05),云苦荞2号和晋苦荞2号的农艺性状及生产性能优于其他品种;聚类分析将13个荞麦样品分成2组,在一定程度上体现了荞麦资源的道地性特征,反映了不同苦荞品种的农艺性状及生产性能与亲缘关系之间有一定的联系。     

Do labour productivity and preferences about work load distribution affect reproduction management and performance in pig farms

Increases in labour productivity are essential factors, as well as technical effectiveness, for the competitiveness of pig farming. However, the preferences of farmers for controlled (i.e. limited) daily working hours or available days for vacation also increase. The objective of this study was to explore how these preferences about work might be associated to specific combinations of practices or affect performance. The study was carried out by direct investigation of the stockbreeders. Data analysis used factorial analysis to identify relationships between practices, labour productivity, sow productivity and work load distribution. Results showed independence between sow productivity and labour productivity. Three independent types of preferences about work load distribution were identified: the limitation of density of daily work, the avoidance of insemination activities during the weekend and the avoidance of farrowing supervision during the weekend. These preferences about work load distribution were mainly related to weaning, oestrus detection and insemination techniques. A relationship was also seen between farrowing and cross-fostering techniques, and labour and sow productivity. Results suggest that preferences about work load distribution influence the choice of reproduction practices without influencing performance. Finally, concerning the labour productivity, it was linked with some specific techniques at farrowing but the results also indicated that it was mainly related to the size of farrowing batches.     

营养学中氨基酸平衡的度量

本文基于聚类分析理论,提出了失衡度(IBD)这一新的化学指数,借以定量地研究蛋白质营养中的氨基酸平衡问题。当样品中氨基酸完全平衡时,IBD取值为零;而当其氨基酸平衡最差时。IBD取值为1。IBD的氨基酸增量模型为非对称最大值式;且IBD与变异系数(CV)之间有着密切的关系。通过IBD这一指数,可以对各种单一饲料的蛋白质营养价值加以分类列等;通过计算两种以上饲料蛋白质混合物的IBD,可以从理论上预测它们之间是否互补,以及何时发生最佳互补关系。若引申IBD的概念框架,还可以用来研究其它养分之间的平衡关系,并有助于实现计算机配方过程的自动鉴别和筛选。     

二次回归正交旋转组合设计优化21～42日龄肉仔鸡胆碱和蛋氨酸需要量

本试验以低胆碱、低蛋氨酸饲粮为基础饲粮,通过两因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,对21～42日龄肉仔鸡胆碱和蛋氨酸需要量进行研究.试验选用21日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡480只,随机分为12个组,其中1～8组为试验组,9～12组为中心组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只鸡,公母各占1/2.分别以胆碱和蛋氨酸为自变量,以反映肉仔鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的各项指标为因变量拟合回归方程,估计21 ～ 42日龄肉仔鸡胆碱和蛋氨酸的需要量.试验期21 d.结果表明:胆碱和蛋氨酸水平对21～42日龄肉仔鸡的平均日采食量、料重比、腹脂率和肝脂率有显著影响(P＜0.05).当胆碱水平在860～1 120mg/kg时,肉仔鸡平均日采食量随着蛋氨酸水平的增加而升高,蛋氨酸水平增至0.40％后,继续增加对平均日采食量的改善作用不明显;蛋氨酸水平在0.35％～0.42％,胆碱水平在860 ～1 120mg/kg时,肉仔鸡的料重比达到最低值;蛋氨酸水平在0.30％～0.47％时,随着胆碱水平的增加肉仔鸡腹脂率呈下降趋势;当蛋氨酸水平在0.30％ ～0.40％,胆碱水平在1 000 ～1 400mg/kg时,肉仔鸡肝脂率随着胆碱水平的增加和蛋氨酸水平的降低呈下降趋势.在本试验条件下,当胆碱水平为990 ～1 030mg/kg,蛋氨酸水平为0.40％ ～0.43％时,肉仔鸡可达到最佳生长性能;当胆碱水平为1 780～1 880 mg/kg,蛋氨酸水平为0.37％ ～0.38％时,肉仔鸡可达到最佳屠宰性能.     

Appraisal of the sustainability of dairy goat systems in Southern Spain according to their degree of intensification

This investigation aims to classify, describe and evaluate the sustainability of dairy goat production systems (GPS) in South Spain Sierra de Cadiz. The research took place throughout 25 goat farms during the 2001–2002 campaigns, with the method posed by Masera et al. (1999) [Masera, O., Astier, M., S., López-Ridaura. 1999. Sustentabilidad y manejo de recursos naturales. El marco de evaluación MESMIS (Sustainability and natural resource management. The MESMIS evaluation framework). Mundi-Prensa, S.A., Gira, IE-UNAM, México. 109 pp.] and adapted to animal production systems, as the guideline and framework to evaluate sustainability.

The principal component, namely energy input from grazing (eigenvalue 1.329) which comprises the indicators total area per goat (factorial value 0.664) together with net energy obtained from grazing (factorial value 0.903) allowed to differentiate significantly between semi extensive (SES), semi intensive (SIS) and intensive (IS) goat production systems.

Intensification of the GPS tends to be inefficient, especially in terms of net margin per litre of milk produced (p < 0.05). A higher degree of adaptability of IS (64.8%) derives from a higher investment on new production strategies. Likewise, higher self-management capacity of SES (60.9%) fosters standards of productivity (76.0%) and stability (42.9%). The SIS presented the highest equity values (67.8%).

On the whole, sustainability of GPS tends to decrease as the degree of intensification increases: SES = 57.3%; SIS = 55.7% and IS = 53.1%. The reduction of the dependency on external input alongside with the optimization of natural resources management would surely improve the standard of sustainability.     

不同放牧方式对山地草甸生产与生态功能及其权衡关系的影响

为实现喀纳斯景区山地草甸的可持续管理,本研究通过设置无牧对照(NG)、单牧马-轻牧区(HG)、牛马混牧-重牧区(MG)三种放牧方式,探求提高山地草甸生态系统多项生产和生态功能协同性的放牧方式。结果表明：不同放牧方式下山地草甸的生产功能放牧后较放牧前均有下降,生态功能中土壤N:P、植物N:P、凋落物N:P放牧后较放牧前均升高,其他生态功能降低,但HG的Shannon-Wiener指数在放牧后变化不大;NG的土壤呼吸速率和植被C:N升高。在山地草甸生态系统生产和生态功能的权衡关系中,权衡、协同和不相关关系同时存在,与牧草产量,草地质量指数相关的生产和生态功能存在协同关系;与植被平均高度、土壤呼吸速率、土壤碳储量相关的生产和生态功能存在权衡关系,其余指标为不相关关系。综上所述,最适放牧方式为HG,其协同关系最佳。     

湟源县奶牛冷配技术推广情况调查与分析

对近年来青海省湟源县牛冷配技术推广情况进行了调查和分析,认为湟源县牛冷配技术推广效果良好．但仍存在问题,并提出了解决问题的措施。