菌丝生长速度与呼吸消耗及胞外酶活性的关系

以棉籽壳为主料,对平菇、刺芹侧耳、黄伞、灵芝、金针菇和香菇原种培养期间的菌丝生长速度、呼吸消耗及胞外酶活性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,6种食用菌的菌丝生长速度与呼吸消耗正相关,而有机物的降解速率与胞外酶活性的大小没有相关性。     

Heat stress risk factors of feedlot heifers

Heat stress in cattle results in millions of dollars in lost revenue each year due to production losses, and in extreme cases, death. Death losses are more likely to result from animals vulnerable to heat stress. A study was conducted to determine risk factors for heat stress in feedlot heifers. Over two consecutive summers, a total of 256 feedlot heifers (32/ breed/ year) of four breeds were observed. As a measure of stress, respiration rates and panting scores were taken twice daily (morning and afternoon) on a random sample of 10 heifers/ breed. Weights, condition scores, and temperament scores were taken on 28-day intervals during the experiment. Health history from birth to slaughter was available for every animal used in this study. It was found that at temperatures above 25 °C, dark-hided animals were 25% more stressed than light-colored; a history of respiratory pneumonia increased stress level by 10.5%; each level of fatness increased stress level by approximately 10%; and excitable animals had a 3.2% higher stress level than calm animals. Not only did the stress level increase with these risk factors, but average daily gain was reduced. The Charolais cattle gained significantly more than all other breeds of cattle tested. Calm cattle gained 5% more than excitable cattle. Finally, cattle treated for pneumonia gained approximately 8% slower than non-treated cattle. The results of this study have not only revealed heat stress risk factors of breed (color), condition score (fatness), temperament, and health history (treated or not treated for pneumonia), but have also shown the effectiveness of using respiration rate as an indicator of heat stress.     

不同刈割时间收获后的羊草、芦苇水分和呼吸的变化

以多年生草本植物羊草和芦苇为实验材料,研究1d中不同时间（9∶00、13∶00、17∶00）刈割后含水量、气孔导度及呼吸速率的变化。结果表明：（1）羊草、芦苇刈割后水分散失均经历三个阶段：快速失水1d,缓慢失水2～3d,平稳期1d。芦苇叶片呼吸速率下降快,刈割5h后呼吸微弱,接近死亡;羊草叶片呼吸速率下降慢于芦苇,刈割7h后仍存在生理活动;（2）依据水分散失和呼吸代谢指标,三个刈割时间中,9∶00刈割能最大程度地减少干草调制过程中的养分损失,有益于制作优质干草。     

The carbon budget of an adult <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus cembra</Emphasis> tree at the alpine timberline in the Central Austrian Alps

We investigated carbon (C) uptake and respiratory losses of an adult Pinus cembra tree at the alpine timberline throughout an entire year by means of an automated, multiplexing gas exchange system. These chamber measurements were then combined with biomass data for scaling up the C budget to the tree level. Integrated over an entire year, the cumulative C gain of the tree under study was 23.5 kg of C in 2002. The daily C balance was negative for 5 months and the estimated total wintertime respiratory losses were 9% of the amount of C fixed during the growing season. The total annual C loss of the tree consumed 55% of the annual net C gain and the remaining surplus was stored in new tissues (36%) and used for fine root growth (9%). Thus, the overall C budget of P. cembra at the upper timberline is balanced fairly well, although the C sink strength in fine roots is strongly limited owing to low root zone temperatures when compared to conifers at lower elevation sites.     

重金属污染对水稻土微生物及酶活性影响研究进展

水稻土受到重金属污染不仅影响水稻的产量品质,而且对水稻土微生物及酶活性的影响不容忽视.本文系统综述了水稻土重金属污染的来源,重金属污染对水稻土微生物生物量、种群数量、群落结构以及土壤酶活性的影响,并针对重金属污染对水稻土微生态效应研究的不足提出了未来应该研究的重点和方向,指出:①加强水稻–重金属–微生物三者相互作用、相...     

杉木人工林针叶光合与蒸腾作用的时空特征

对3个林分(密度A1 667株·hm-2;B3 233株·hm-2;C9 767株·hm-2)的测定和分析表明,树冠不同部位的同龄叶的光补偿点、光饱和点及其最大光合速率不同;树冠同一层内,成熟针叶光合速率依当年生叶、1 a生叶、2 a生叶递减.强光下,中层叶的蒸腾速率明显小于上层叶.弱光下,中层和下层叶具有较高的蒸腾速率,几乎等于甚至超过上层叶.一般而言,杉木针叶光合作用的光饱和点为1 000～1 900 μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点很低,大致在4.780 ～30.114 μmol·m-2s-1范围.同一枝条不同部位不同年龄针叶光合和蒸腾的能力差异明显.枝条后部针叶净光合速率和蒸腾速率明显小于处于枝中、前部的同龄叶,却明显具有较高的量子利用效率或对弱光(以散射光为主)的利用效率,分别为当年生叶0.006 60 μmolCO2·μmol-1PAR;1 a生叶0.017 94 μmolCO2·μmol-1PAR;2 a生叶0.012 97 μmol CO2·μmol-1PAR. 针叶最大光合速率可达13.335 μmolCO2·m-2s-1 .同一枝条不同部位的杉木针叶的蒸腾效率变化于0.003 5 ～0.007 gCO2·g-1H2O,越靠近枝条后部,蒸腾效率越低.一般而言,阳生叶的光合能力是阴生叶的2～4倍.生长季中当年生针叶光合和蒸腾速率的日变化均有2个峰值,中部和下部当年生叶的变化幅度小于上部针叶.辐射强度、空气湿度或者叶片周围空气的水汽压,是决定叶片气孔导度、光合与蒸腾速率的主要环境因子.呼吸作用白天明显高于夜间,多呈中午单峰型;日变化规律主要受温度、叶片周围空气的水汽压大小控制.蒸腾和呼吸呈紧密线性负相关.3个林分中,无论是2 a生叶,1 a生叶或当年生叶,光合强度均是密度小的最大,密度大的最小.密度越大,叶平均N素含量越低,光饱和点越低,而光补偿点越高,偏向于利用较弱的光,生长也较弱.     

The effects of ethylene, 1-MCP and AVG on sprouting in sweetpotato roots

Exogenous ethylene is commonly used as a commercial sprouting inhibitor of potato tubers. The role of ethylene in the control of sprouting of sweetpotato roots, however, is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ethylene in control of sprouting in sweetpotato roots by observing the effect of an ethylene synthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and the ethylene antagonist, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), in the presence and absence of exogenous ethylene on root sprouting and associated sugar accumulation. Continuous exposure to 10 μl L⁻¹ ethylene, 24 h exposure to 625 nl L⁻¹ 1-MCP or dipping in 100 μl L⁻¹ AVG all inhibited sprout growth in sweetpotato roots of two varieties over 4 weeks of storage at 25 °C. The observations that both ethylene on its own and 1-MCP, which inhibits ethylene action, inhibit sprout growth indicate that while continuous exposure to exogenous ethylene leads to sprout growth inhibition, ethylene is also required for sprouting. In potato tubers ethylene is required to break dormancy, while continuous exposure inhibits sprout growth.Monosaccharide concentrations in ethylene, 1-MCP or AVG treated roots were lower than in untreated roots, and for ethylene treated roots this was associated with higher respiration rates. This is consistent with the activation of some additional process by ethylene which uses energy through sugar metabolism. 1-MCP and AVG both inhibited this increase in respiration rate and counteracted the decrease in monosaccharide concentrations. 1-MCP presumably counteracts the ethylene stimulation of this process, while the effect of AVG is attributed to its possible inhibitory effects on protein synthesis.     

Spontaneous postharvest fermentation of açai (Euterpe oleracea) fruit

Açai (Euterpe oleracea) fruit (EOF) are widely commercialized in the Brazilian Amazon. These fruit contain a high bacterial load and are transported on boards stowed inside or outside the holds of small boats. In this context, postharvest parameters were assessed under conditions that simulated these two methods of EOF transport: stowage in closed polystyrene boxes, simulating the inside of cargo holds, i.e., transport in a closed system; and open baskets, simulating transport in an open environment, i.e., transport in the prow or bow of the boat. EOF suffered spontaneous fermentation of alcoholic, acetic, and lactic types in the closed system, which is the most common type of transportation of this fruit. In the closed system, there was a predominance of lactic acid bacteria over acetic acid bacteria, with 82% and 95% of the initial content of d-glucose and d-fructose being consumed, respectively, after 27 h of experiment. The weight loss reached 1.7% and there was a logarithmic decrease of the major phenolic compounds of the fruit in the closed system, with losses of 78% of cyanidin-3-rutinoside, 88% of cyanidin-3-glucoside, 78% of homorientin, and 72% of orientin after 27 h, which was higher than in the open system (58%, 66%, 73% and 62%, respectively). Analyses on EOF stowed in a closed system indicated that the respiratory rate was characteristic of a non-climacteric fruit, i.e., it showed a logarithmic decay in the production of CO₂ (R² = 0.995; P < 0.05). Thus, transport in a closed system results in more drastic nutritional and functional changes on EOF than when transport is carried out in an open system, suggesting that transportation in continuous aerobic conditions and a short period of time between picking and processing are preferable.     

Effectiveness of submicron chitosan dispersions in controlling anthracnose and maintaining quality of dragon fruit

Conventional chitosan (CC) and submicron chitosan dispersions (SCD) were evaluated for the control of postharvest anthracnose and maintenance of quality of dragon fruit during storage at 10 ± 2 °C and 80 ± 5% RH for 28 days. All the chitosan treatments significantly reduced anthracnose symptoms, resulting in a reduction of disease development and thereby maintained the quality of fresh fruit for extended periods. SCD at 1.0% with 600 nm droplet size gave the best result in that it delayed the onset of disease and maintained the quality of dragon fruit for up to 28 days of storage. It can be concluded from the present investigation that SCD have potential to be used as an antifungal agent to control postharvest anthracnose and maintain quality of dragon fruit during storage.