有机质包膜尿素对冬小麦产量和氮肥利用率的影响

此文利用盆栽试验研究了3类有机质包膜尿素对冬小麦的产量、氮肥利用率与农学效率、氮素生理效率与收获指数的影响。结果表明：在等氮量条件下,有机质包膜尿素可显著提高冬小麦产量和氮肥利用率。在含N 0.10 g/kg土和含N 0.20 g/kg土水平下,YU2（有机质包膜尿素2）处理较普通尿素分别增产12.7%和19.4%,氮肥的利用率分别提高14.8%和10.8%,效果最为显著。在含N 0.20 g/kg土水平下,与普通尿素相比,3类有机质包膜尿素不同程度的提高了氮肥的农学效率、氮素生理效率和收获指数,YU3（有机质包膜尿素3）对氮素生理效率和收获指数的影响最大,分别提高了0.83 kg/kg和2.56%;YU2处理对提高氮肥农学效率的效果最显著,在含N 0.10 g/kg土和含N 0.20 g/kg土水平下,每千克氮分别增产4.04 kg和3.64 kg小麦籽粒。     

铺装结构及密度对玉米秸秆轻质复合板性能的影响

为充分利用玉米秸秆并制备性能优越的轻质复合材料,通过对玉米秸秆内外表面特性的分析,采用机械疏解重组其胶合结构单元,以脲醛树脂为胶黏剂,制备定向和均向2种玉米秸秆轻质复合板。本文研究了不同铺装方式和密度对板材静曲强度(MOR)、弯曲弹性模量(MOE)、内结合强度(IB)、吸水厚度膨胀率(TS)、吸水率(WA)的影响。结果表明:定向铺装结构可以增强复合板材的MOR、MOE、IB,相同密度下定向玉米秸秆复合板(OCSB)的纵向静曲强度(MOR∥)和纵向弹性模量(MOE∥)约为均向玉米秸秆复合板(HCSB)的3倍,IB约为4~5倍。OCSB的MOR∥、MOE∥明显大于横向静曲强度(MOR#x22A5;)、横向弹性模量(MOE#x22A5;);OCSB密度为0.3 g/cm3时,MOR∥约为MOR#x22A5;的3.5倍,MOE∥约为MOE#x22A5;的5倍。OCSB的MOR#x22A5;均大于HCSB的MOR(密度0.3 g/cm3除外),OCSB的MOE#x22A5;均小于HCSB。OCSB和HCSB的MOR、MOE在试验范围内都随着密度的增加而增加;当OCSB密度为0.6 g/cm3时,MOR∥为25.24 MPa,MOE∥达到4 216 MPa,其物理力学性能够满足在民用建筑中的使用。此外,OCSB的TS、WA均小于HCSB。      

不同控氮比掺混肥对土壤无机氮与脲酶及冬小麦产量的影响

开展田间小区试验,研究了控释氮肥与尿素掺混施用对土壤无机氮与脲酶及冬小麦产量的影响,旨在寻求控释氮肥与尿素最佳掺混比例,提出缓解氮肥损失、降低面源污染、节约成本、易于推广的施肥方式。结果表明:较常规尿素处理,控释氮肥与尿素掺混对土壤铵态氮含量影响总体差异不显著;在小麦分蘖期,常规尿素处理土壤硝态氮含量和土壤脲酶活性较高,而小麦拔节期至成熟期,则以掺混40%比例以上控释氮肥处理的土壤硝态氮含量和脲酶活性较高;各施氮处理对小麦穗粒数和千粒重影响差异不显著,产量以掺混40%控释氮肥处理最高,较常规尿素处理增产14%,因产值最高,投入成本适中,净收入水平和产投比均为最高,分别为5 875.72元·hm~(-2)和2.24,较常规尿素处理提高了23.24%和9.27%。综上,40%控释氮肥与60%尿素掺混处理在提高土壤无机氮含量,激活小麦生长中、后期脲酶活性,增加冬小麦产量方面效果显著。     

吡虫啉和毒死蜱对尿素氮在土壤中转化的影响

为了考察杀虫剂施用对尿素态氮在土壤中转化过程的影响,采用室内培养法,通过测定土壤铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数以及反硝化损失的动态变化,研究了在施用尿素的土壤（有效氮含量为200 mg/kg）中分别添加不同剂量的吡虫啉和毒死蜱2种杀虫剂时,杀虫剂对尿素的水解、土壤氮的硝化及反硝化过程的影响。结果表明:吡虫啉和毒死蜱各剂量处理在第3天时对尿素水解具有显著的促进作用（PPPPP<0.01）,减少反硝化损失量39.69%。     

双季稻种植模式下氮和磷的适宜施用量

比照常规施肥量(早稻N、P2O5、K2O 分别按150、60、90 kg/hm2施入,晚稻分别按180、75、90 kg/hm2施入),采取不同减量施肥配以冬季种植黑麦草、紫云英、油菜作物的耕作方式,研究双季稻种植模式下氮、磷的适宜施用量。结果表明：N和P2O5比常规施肥量分别减量20%、30%处理组水稻的产量变化率为－11.48%～1.94%;施硫包衣尿素,N和P2O5比常规施肥量均减量30%处理组水稻的产量变化率为－13.24%～3.87%;施复合肥,N和P2O5比常规施肥量均减量30%处理组水稻的增产率为0.52%～13.70%;不同减量施肥处理可使径流水氮流失量减少31.69%～47.74%,磷流失量降低11.77%～64.71%;使用复合肥的处理,其氮素利用率最多提高19.31%,磷素利用率最多提高11.97%。减量施肥可以在不降低产量的情况下提高肥料利用率,减少农业氮素、磷素输出。     

折光率法在控释尿素释放率和肥效期检测中的应用

【目的】以尿素测定标准化学方法,即对二甲氨基苯甲醛(PDAB)比色法检验折光率法测定控释尿素养分释放率及肥效期的准确性和可靠性,为折光率法应用于快速准确评价控释尿素肥效期提供理论依据。【方法】以3种肥效期的控释尿素PCU1、PCU2和PCU3为材料,采用25℃恒温静水培养控释尿素,分别用PDAB比色法和折光率法测定尿素释放率和肥效期,并对2种方法的测定结果进行相关分析和校验研究,评价25℃下折光率法测定控释尿素养分释放率和肥效期的准确性和可靠性。【结果】折光率法测得的不同肥效期控释尿素释放特征曲线与PD-AB比色法的测定结果几乎重合,说明折光率法不会改变控释尿素的累积释放规律。2种方法测得的控释尿素释放曲线Richards方程的拟合特征参数No、k、ti无差异,释放率测定结果呈极显著线性正相关,相关系数均为0.999,标准误分别为0.09,0.16和0.10,二者之间无统计差异。当养分累积释放率为80%时,3种控释尿素PCU1、PCU2和PCU3的肥效期分别仅相差0.97,3.14,8.96d。【结论】折光率法测定控释尿素养分释放率和肥效期的准确度和精度高,适用于检测不同肥效期控释尿素的养分释放率和肥效期,可用于评价控释尿素的控释性能。     

控释尿素与尿素配施对杭白菊产量和氮肥利用率的影响

 在大田栽培适量施肥和减量施肥条件下研究施用尿素、尿素与控释尿素配施对杭白菊 （Chrysanthemum morifolium）产量和氮素利用率的影响。设6 个处理：对照不施氮肥（CK₁₁）;适量施肥 氮肥为尿素（N₁₁）、适量施肥氮肥为尿素与控释尿素配施（N₁₂）;减量施肥氮磷钾施用量均减少1/4,对 照不施氮肥（CK₂₂）,减量施肥为尿素（N₂₁）,减量施肥尿素与控释尿素配施减量施肥（N₂₂）。结果表明, 与对照相比,施氮处理提高了株花序数、花序直径和单花序质重。采收期,施肥量相同时,控释尿素与 尿素配施茎叶部氮素分配比例低于单施尿素处理,花部高于单施尿素处理,表明控释尿素与尿素配施有 利于氮素向花序分配,提高产量。适量施肥杭白菊产量高于减量施肥。适量施肥控释尿素与尿素配施比 单施尿素增产87.96 kg · hm^-2,比减量施肥控释尿素与尿素配施增产124.99 kg · hm^-2。施用方式相同时, 适量施肥氮肥利用率高于减量施肥,氮肥农学利用率低于减量施肥。施肥量相同时,控释尿素与尿素配 施氮肥利用率、氮肥农学利用率高于单施尿素。在本试验条件下,施氮量120 kg · hm^-2,控释尿素（150 d） 与尿素按1︰1 混合,基施用量占总施氮量50%,控释尿素（90 d）与尿素按1︰1 混合,8 月15 日追施孕 蕾肥,施用量占总氮量50%,效果最佳。     

Nitrogen Release from Coated Urea Fertilizers in Different Soils

The nitrogen (N) release from coated urea fertilizers (Arborite and ESN), traditional N fertilizers [urea, (NH₂)₂CO], and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) [(NH₂)₂CO, NH₄NO₃] in three North Carolina (USA) soils was measured throughout a 12-week laboratory incubation. Treatments were N source and moisture level (60% and 80% of field capacity). In both the Candor and Cecil soils, 40% of the Arborite N had released by day 2 after addition to the soil. Maximum Arborite N release was achieved by week 6 for both soils. The ESN N release began between weeks 1 and 2, and maximum release was attained by week 6 for the Candor and by week 8 for the Cecil soil. The ESN reached 70% release on Portsmouth by week 8 and Arborite had an immediate release. Field studies of these coated ureas would be needed to determine if they are economically viable over more traditional N fertilizers in North Carolina.     

Reduction in Ammonia Loss by Applying Urea in Combination with Phosphate Sources

A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the influence of 100 mg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) kg^–1 soil from various phosphate sources on ammonia losses from soils amended with urea at 200 mg nitrogen (N) kg^–1 soil. Irrespective of soil type, ammonia (NH₃) loss was significantly greater from untreated soil (control) than from the soil treated with phosphorus (P) sources. A maximum decrease in ammonia loss (56%) was observed by applying phosphoric acid followed by triple and single superphosphate. Ammonia losses were significantly greater from sandy clay loam than from clay. Rate of ammonia volatilization was maximum during the first week of incubation and became undetectable for both soils at 21 days after incubation. The addition of phosphate sources significantly decreased pH in the sandy clay loam, but in the clay a significant decrease was observed only with the phosphoric acid addition. Addition of phosphate fertilizers was beneficial in reducing NH₃ losses from urea.     

Soil Moisture Controls the Denitrification Loss of Urea Nitrogen from Silty Clay Soil

Relative control of soil moisture [30, 60, and 80 percent water-holding capacity (WHC)] on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from Fargo-Ryan soil, treated with urea at 0, 150, and 250 kg N ha^?1 with and without nitrapyrin [2-chloro-(6-trichloromethyl) pyridine] (NP), was measured under laboratory condition for 140 days. Soil N₂O emissions significantly increased with increasing nitrogen (N) rates and WHC levels. Urea applied at 250 kg N ha^?1 produced the greatest cumulative N₂O emissions and averaged 560, 3919, and 15894 µg kg^?1 at 30, 60, and 80 percent WHC, respectively. At WHC ≤ 60 percent, addition of NP to urea significantly reduced N₂O losses by 2.6- to 4.8-fold. Additions of NP to urea reduced N₂O emission at rates similar to the control (0 N) until 48 days for 30 percent WHC and 35 days for 60 and 80 percent WHC. These results can help devise urea-N fertilizer management strategies in reducing N₂O emissions from silty-clay soils.