Leaching and Recovering of Nitrogen Following N Fertilizers Application to the Soil in a Laboratory Study

Following soil fertilization, nitrogen (N) is partially lost. The objective of this study was to evaluate leaching and recovery of N after addition of fertilizers to the soil. Two experiments were conducted in leaching columns submitted to frequent water percolations. In the leaching experiment, urea, ammonium nitrate, and six coated N fertilizers were utilized; in the N recovery experiment, treatments consisted of urea, potassium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate, combined or not with percolation. Percolations were performed weekly with quantification of ammonium and nitrate in the percolated. The recovered N was obtained by summing total N percolated with N in the soil. Nitrate leaching was highest from amide-N fertilizers, with no differences between them showing that coating urea was not efficient to decrease N leaching. Nitric fertilizers had the lowest recovery of N, probably due to the occurrence of denitrification caused by the frequent water percolation.     

生物能尿素对水稻生长发育和产量的影响

[目的]改进氮肥投入方式,促进水稻增产增效。[方法]以光明粳2号、2645品系为材料进行大田试验,研究生物能尿素与传统尿素对水稻生长发育和产量的影响。[结果]生物能尿素对于提高水稻产量具有一定的作用,产量增加的主要原因是千粒重和每穗粒数提高,一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数与常规尿素相比均有不同程度的增加,并且能够促进水稻前期分蘖以及植株高度。[结论]生物能尿素处理各方面均优于常规尿素处理,在生产上可以进行推广使用。     

不同氮肥及施用方式对水稻养分吸收特征及产量形成的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同氮肥及其施用方式对水稻养分吸收及产量形成的影响。结果表明,一次性施用普通尿素、稳定尿素及缓释尿素的处理之间田面水中铵态氮浓度差别不大,施肥结束后田面水中铵态氮浓度均呈现出不断降低的趋势;分次施肥处理田面水中铵态氮浓度随追肥次数呈现出周期性的升高降低过程;一次性施用缓释尿素可以提高土壤中碱解氮及植株氮的含量,对光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度也均有提升作用,对水稻具有稳产作用。一次性施用缓释尿素可以促进整个生育期内水稻对养分的需求,可以促进灌浆期碳水化合物的累积,因此能达到与分次施肥相同的稳产效果。     

Dietary rice improves growth performance,mucosal enzyme activities and plasma urea nitrogen in weaning piglets

In this study, we evaluated the nutritional functions of rice for weaning piglets. Sixteen weaning piglets with an average initial weight of 7.2 kg were divided into two groups. One group was fed a corn‐soybean meal based diet, and the other was fed a rice‐soybean meal based diet, containing 50% corn and rice, respectively. A 2 weeks growth trial was conducted and growth performance, intestinal mucosal enzyme activities and plasma urea nitrogen were measured. The average daily gain in rice‐fed piglets was significantly higher than that in corn‐fed piglets and the average daily feed intake tended to be higher in rice‐fed piglets than in corn‐fed piglets. Maltase and aminopeptidase activities (mol/g tissue) in the jejunum in rice‐fed piglets were significantly higher than those in corn‐fed piglets, although these enzyme activities were not different in the duodenum. Sucrase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV activities in the two groups were not different in either the duodenum or jejunum. Although the feed (nitrogen) intake was higher in rice‐fed piglets, the plasma urea nitrogen in rice‐fed piglets was significantly lower (P = 0.006) than that in corn‐fed piglets. These results indicate that rice is a good alternative feedstuff for the diet of weaning piglets.     

Season,sex and age variation in the haematology and body condition of geometric tortoises Psammobates geometricus

Body condition and haematological indices provide powerful information when assessing wildlife health. Reference intervals for these indices can facilitate wildlife management, and would benefit initiatives to save the Critically Endangered geometric tortoise (Psammobates geometricus). We collected data from 126 geometric tortoises to establish baseline values reflecting variation over four seasons (spring 2000 to winter 2001) and among three groups (female, male and juvenile). We measured body condition index (BCI; mass to shell volume), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma chloride, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and red blood cell count (RBC), and used PCV, Hb and RBC to calculate erythrocyte indices. BCI correlated poorly with haematological measures but had a strong inverse relationship with BUN. BCI did not vary among groups, but all groups had low condition indices in autumn, the end of the dry season. High BUN and chloride values in autumn indicate dehydration, particularly in males. Males had the highest PCV, Hb and RBC values, especially during summer and autumn when they moved long distances, likely pursuing mates. Female and juvenile indices were similar, except that female Hb was higher than juvenile Hb, possibly to meet female energy needs associated with their large size and reproductive metabolism. Low Hb levels in winter coincided with low temperatures and reduced movements. Our results illustrate how intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence the physiology of geometric tortoises and provide reference intervals to monitor their health.     

种植密度和施肥水平对青海旱地覆膜种植甜高粱草产量及品质的影响

以甜高粱(Sorghum dochna)吉甜5号和九甜杂3号为材料,在海拔2 040m的青海旱地覆膜进行了不同种植密度(行株距分别为40cm×40cm、40cm×30cm、40cm×20cm)和追施不同尿素量(0、150和225kg·hm~(-2))对草产量及品质影响的研究。结果显示,吉甜5号和九甜杂3号两个品种在行距×株距为40cm×20cm(12.00万穴·hm~(-2))时的鲜草产量和干草产量最高,鲜草产量分别达99.75和108.17t·hm~(-2),干草产量分别达17.89和22.58t·hm~(-2);在生长中期追施150kg·hm~(-2)尿素时草产量较高,品质较好,两个品种的粗蛋白分别达5.47%和4.80%,粗脂肪分别达5.67和7.57g·kg~(-1),酸性洗涤纤维较低,综合表现良好。以上结果表明,青海旱地甜高粱种植密度为12.00万穴·hm~(-2),生长中期追施尿素150kg·hm~(-2)最为适宜。     

腐植酸尿素对玉米生长及肥料氮利用的影响

【目的】 利用腐植酸对氮肥的增效作用,通过研究尿素中腐植酸添加量对玉米生长及肥料氮 (15N) 吸收、分配的影响,以期为腐植酸提高尿素肥效提供理论及实践依据。 【方法】 将腐植酸增效剂按 1%、5%、10%、20% 的比例分别添加到普通尿素中,利用熔融法制备四种腐植酸尿素试验产品 (HAU1、HAU2、HAU3 和 HAU4) ,在土柱栽培试验中利用同位素15N 示踪法,研究在等氮量 (施氮量 0.1 g/kg 干土) 投入情况下,尿素中腐植酸添加量对玉米生长,玉米肥料氮吸收、分配及肥料氮在不同土层分布的影响。 【结果】 与普通尿素处理 (U) 相比,1) 四种腐植酸尿素处理均可显著提高玉米地上部生物量和籽粒产量,分别提高 5.5%～13.8% 和 6.3%～17.3%,且随着腐植酸添加量的增加而提高。2) 腐植酸尿素提高了玉米籽粒、茎、穗轴中的肥料氮含量,但差异不显著,同时降低了苞叶中的肥料氮含量;腐植酸尿素可显著提高玉米地上部和籽粒肥料氮的吸收量,分别增加 11.6%～17.0% 和 16.8%～25.9%,但随着腐植酸添加量的增加,叶和苞叶中的肥料氮吸收量会有所降低;腐植酸尿素的肥料氮收获指数提高 2.5～4.2 个百分点。3) 腐植酸尿素可显著提高15N 肥料利用率和15N 肥料土壤残留率,并降低15N 肥料损失率,15N 肥料利用率提高 5.9～8.6 个百分点,15N 壤残留率提高 1.4～2.5 个百分点,损失率降低 7.3～11.2 个百分点。4) 玉米收获后,土壤中的肥料氮主要残留在 0—50 cm 土层,腐植酸尿素在 0—90 cm 土层中的肥料氮累积残留量比普通尿素高 5.2%～10.1%。 【结论】 与普通尿素相比,在腐植酸增效剂添加比例为 1%～20% 的范围内,腐植酸对尿素均具有较好的增效作用,随着腐植酸添加量的增加,玉米籽粒产量逐渐增加;腐植酸还可促进玉米叶片和苞叶中的肥料氮向籽粒的转运,提高玉米肥料氮收获指数及籽粒肥料氮吸收量;同时还可提高尿素在土壤中的残留量,减少氮素淋溶损失。      

控释氮肥与尿素掺混比例对作物中后期土壤供氮能力和稻麦产量的影响

【目的】研究控释肥与尿素掺混比例对土壤氮含量及稻麦产量和经济效益的影响,旨在筛选综合效果最佳掺混比例,为稻麦轮作区控释氮肥推广应用提供科学依据。 【方法】采用稻麦轮作两季作物大田试验,以常规尿素施肥为对照,在稻、麦季施氮量均为150 kg/hm2的水平下,设定添加控释氮肥比例0、10%、20%、40%、80%、100% 6个处理,分别记为T1、T2、T3、T4、T5和T6。除T1（100%尿素）分基施和追施,其他处理氮肥均一次性基施。分析了土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量,调查了稻麦株高与生物量、产量构成以及经济效益。 【结果】1）添加20%以上控释氮肥时稻麦生育中后期土壤无机氮含量有显著提升,以添加40%控释氮肥（T4）处理效果最明显。2）与T1相比,添加20%比例以上控释氮肥,稻麦生育中后期的生物量与成熟期产量均显著增加,以T4处理产量最高,稻、麦季分别比常规尿素处理增产11%和14%,显著提高小麦季穗长19.19%,显著提高水稻季穗粒数与千粒重13.79%和8.43%。3）随添加控释氮肥比例增加,稻麦季经济效益均先增加后下降,T4处理经济效益最佳,较常规尿素处理,小麦季增收1108.12 yuan/hm2,提高23.24%,水稻季增收2497.80 yuan/hm2,提高14.87%。 【结论】以40%控释氮肥与60%尿素掺混一次性基施,可有效增加作物中后期土壤氮素供应能力,促进稻麦生长并获得显著的增产效果,还可减少人工投入或材料成本,有效提高经济效益。     

普通、控释尿素配比对玉米物质积累及产量的影响

以普通尿素和包膜控释尿素为供试材料,设置5种普通尿素与控释尿素配比处理,分别为CRU0—100%普通尿素,CRU1—75%普通尿素+25%控释尿素,CRU2—50%普通尿素+50%控释尿素,CRU3—25%普通尿素+75%控释尿素和CRU4—100%控释尿素,以CK1—不施氮肥和CK2—常规施氮(普通尿素60%基施+40%大喇叭口期追施)为对照,研究控释尿素与普通尿素配施对玉米农艺性状、干物质积累分配及产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施氮显著提高了玉米株高、穗位高和叶面积,与常规施氮处理相比,普通、控释尿素配施可提高株高、穗位高、茎粗和叶面积,其中75%控释尿素处理提高显著。(2)与常规施氮处理相比,普通、控释尿素配施处理促进吐丝期干物质积累,最终增加成熟期总干物质量,其中以CRU2和CRU3处理最好。(3)与常规施氮处理相比,普通、控释尿素配施处理的干物质在叶片和茎秆中的分配比例均较低,而籽粒的分配比例较高,以CRU3处理比例最高。(4)随控释尿素比例增加,玉米产量、千粒重、穗粒数、穗长和穗粗均呈先升后降的趋势;25%,50%,75%,100%的控释尿素比例处理产量较常规施氮处理分别增产3.70%,8.83%,11.23%,5.43%。因此,普通尿素掺混75%比例的控释尿素进行一次底施,既能满足玉米植株生长需求,提高干物质积累,优化干物质分配,又可促进增产。