中西药结合治疗肉牛尿素中毒效果分析

根据肉牛尿素中毒临床症状表现的不同,结合血氨浓度的检测,对尿素中毒程度不同的肉牛采用了不同的西药进行治疗,同时辅以中药方剂配合治疗。试验结果表明,16头出现明显尿素中毒症状的患牛经中西医结合治疗后痊愈。由此可见,中西药结合治疗肉牛尿素中毒效果理想,值得在临床实践中推广。     

硫包膜尿素在轻度盐碱土壤中释放特点及肥效研究

应用水中溶出率法和轻度盐碱土壤玉米根下土埋法,研究硫包膜尿素在轻度盐碱土壤的释放特征及其对春玉米氮吸收和产量的影响,并且与腐植酸包膜尿素和普通尿素进行了比较。结果表明,硫包膜尿素在静水中初期养分释放率大,后期明显出现养分"锁定效应"和"尾留效应"现象,仅能释放出59.33%左右的养分;在轻度盐碱土壤中,其释放与静水释放趋势一致,但在玉米收获时养分释放率达87.9%,在玉米全生育期,其累积释放呈现逐渐递增的趋势,与玉米吸氮曲线相吻合;而与之相比较,腐植酸包膜尿素和普通尿素的释放规律与玉米吸氮曲线吻合度较差。硫包膜尿素处理与腐植酸包膜尿素和普通尿素2个处理相比,玉米成熟期氮吸收总量分别增加26.97%和44.32%,产量分别增加8.73%和22.43%,差异均显著;苗期耕层土壤pH值分别降低0.66,0.51。硫包膜尿素处理的穗长、百粒质量分别比腐植酸包膜尿素处理和普通尿素处理高1.33%,4.65%和2.69%,8.41%,硫包膜尿素处理的秃尖和穗粒数与普通尿素处理的差异显著。说明硫包膜尿素在轻度盐碱地上应用可降低土壤pH值、增强玉米植株氮素吸收利用能力,释放特征更符合玉米氮素养分的吸收规律。     

Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Response to ESN and Urea Application in a No-Till Barley Cropping System

We investigated the effect of environmentally smart nitrogen (ESN) fertilizer on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions under no-till barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production over 3 years at three sites in Alberta, Canada. Treatments included two barley cultivars, with ESN and urea applied at 1× and 1.5× the recommended rate, and herbicide at 50% and 100% of registered in-crop rates. Cumulative N₂O emissions over the growing season were low (0.11 to 1.32 kg nitrogen (N) per hectare or 0.05–0.22 g N kg^?1 grain yield), and not affected by barley cultivars or herbicide rates in all nine site-years, nor by fertilizer type or rate in seven out of nine site-years. However, average N₂O emissions from ESN were 15% lower (P = 0.05) than urea across all site-years. Our results suggest ESN could play a role in reducing N₂O emissions, but the reduction will depend on rainfall events and crop N utilization.     

Optimizing fertilizers doses and their effects on photosynthesis and biomass yield of Hibiscus cannabinus cultivated on BRIS soil

In tropical climate, huge amount of fertilizer need to be used for the cultivation of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in Beach Ridges Interspersed with Swales (BRIS) soil, however this approach is not cost effective and environmental friendly. Therefore, the optimizing of fertilizer rate for BRIS soils and selection of suitable soil amendments are crucial to get a higher yield. In this study, the effects of different combinations of urea, chicken manure and biochar on soil properties, growth performance and physiological characteristics of kenaf cultivated on the BRIS soil were investigated. Eight treatments were conducted namely: control (T1), biochar (T2), chicken manure (T3), urea (T4), chicken manure + urea (T5), biochar + chicken manure (T6), urea + biochar (T7) and biochar + chicken manure + urea (T8). The biomass and physiological characteristics of kenaf were recorded every month, while the soil was analyzed following a standard laboratory procedure. The application of organic and inorganic fertilizer (urea) significantly increased the nutrient content of the soil compared to the T1, whereas T3 showed the highest pH, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable bases (Na, Mg, Ca). However, the mixing of biochar with organic and inorganic fertilizers showed the highest plant height, diameter of stem and number of leaves as well as dry biomass compared to other treatments. Furthermore, the application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductivity. The results suggest that the mixing of biochar with organic and inorganic fertilizers represents an effective approach for the cultivation of kenaf in tropical climate.     

缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放特征及其对春玉米氮吸收的影响

为了探讨几种缓/控释肥在宁夏淡灰钙土上的氮素释放特性和生物学效应,寻求合适的缓/控释组合材料。通过盆栽试验,在氮磷钾等养分供应下研究了5个施肥处理对春玉米生长发育和氮素吸收利用的影响,同时探讨了几种缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放规律。结果表明,相对不施氮处理,施用缓/控释肥可提高春玉米株高、地上部生物量和总生物量,同时也能显著促进地上部氮、根系氮和总氮吸收量,其氮肥利用率达33.9%~39.7%,较NPK平衡施肥(31.5%)提高了2.4%~8.2%。自研制缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放天数在65天左右,释放高峰在第32天前后;而商品包膜尿素的氮素释放高峰在第17天前后,65天后依然有较高的氮素释放。因此,与商品包膜尿素相比,自研制缓/控释肥的氮素释放周期有待延长,但其对春玉米生育前期的氮素供应相对充足。     

新型柱前衍生-高效液相荧光检测法检测水产品中河豚毒素

在稀碱条件下,河鲀毒素(TTX)与次溴酸钠和尿素于一定温度下反应生成具有荧光性能的物质,该反应与已报道的TTX在强碱下生成C-9碱的碱解不同。本研究拟对该衍生反应所需条件进行详细研究,并尝试依据该反应建立一种新型的河鲀毒素荧光检测方法。荧光扫描光谱显示,产物最大激发波长(EX)为233 nm,最大发射波长(EM)为370 nm。该反应对p H要求比较严格,反应最适p H在11.6~11.9之间。对样品进行衍生检测获得最强荧光信号的条件为:次溴酸钠0.036~0.09 mol/L、尿素10~50 g/L、碳酸钠0.2~0.3 mol/L,温度75℃。样品检测结果显示,此衍生反应具有高度专一性,信号强度与TTX含量成正比,在0.01~10μg/m L质量浓度范围内线性方程为y=109.17x+0.3965,线性相关系数为0.999。依据该衍生反应建立柱前衍生–高效液相色谱荧光检测法检测水产品中河鲀毒素含量,检测限达到20μg/kg,平行样品检测相对标准偏差为0.44%~7.25%,准确度高。对河鲀、虾虎鱼和织纹螺产品检测表明,该反应特异性强,不易出现假阳性,可用于河鲀毒素检测的确证。     

不同肥料类型对赤水河流域毛竹林生产力的影响研究

为提高赤水河流域毛竹林的生产力,采用随机区组设计,试验研究了尿素和不同氮、磷和钾配比的复合肥B、C、D对毛竹林出笋成竹、新竹质量和地上生物量的影响。结果表明:1)尿素对毛竹林成竹量和枝叶生物量的影响达显著水平,其出笋量、成竹量、新竹平均胸径、胸高断面积、秆材量和地上生物量分别为对照的120.17%、130.70%、93.49%、114.03%、111.37%、113.74%,表现出生物量上升而新竹质量降低的效果,生产上需慎用; 2)复合肥B对毛竹林的新竹胸高断面积、秆材量、枝叶量和地上生物量的影响均达显著水平,其出笋量、成竹量、新竹平均胸径、胸高断面积、秆材量和地上生物量分别为对照的112.50%、121.69%、101.76%、125.69%、126.41%、125.81%,表现为新竹质量和生物量上升,适宜于培育大径用材林; 3)复合肥C对毛竹林各项生产力指标的影响均未达显著水平,其出笋量、成竹量、新竹平均胸径、胸高断面积、秆材量和地上生物量分别为对照的101.42%、118.28%、100.10%、118.80%、119.07%、118.89%,适宜于培育笋用林和笋材兼用林; 4)生产力综合效应指数大小呈复合肥B (682.63%) > 复合肥C(476.35%) > 尿素(445.26%) > 复合肥D(261.37%) > 对照(100.00%)的变化趋势。     

Nitrogen uptake by sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) in the early growth stages

Previous trials have revealed variable responses of sago palm ( Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) to fertilizer application, particularly nitrogen (N). In the present study, we quantified the fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) of sago palm for the first time using ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer in pot and field experiments. The pot experiment was conducted in Japan using a 2:1 mixture of sand to Philippine soil. The field experiment was conducted in Leyte in the Philippines. Both experiments consisted of three replicates in each of three treatments: control, ¹⁵N urea at 50 kg N ha⁻¹ and ¹⁵N urea at 100 kg N ha⁻¹. The N uptake of sago palm increased significantly, but inconsistently with increasing N application. The few instances of a significant increase in N uptake did not translate into significant improvements in growth parameters, except for the number of leaflets in the pot experiment. The FUE values for sago seedlings (< 6 months) in the pot experiment treated with 50 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ were 10.5 and 13.2%, respectively, whereas for the 2-year-old sago palms in the field, the corresponding FUE values were 14.8 and 12.0%. The FUE values were similar at the two levels of N application in both experiments. Sago growth parameters appeared to be insensitive to N application, suggesting that the form of N and the timing of N fertilization are important factors for sago palms. Therefore, the use of N fertilizer in sago production can only be justified after determining and fully understanding the response of sago palm to N application.     

Feeding value of enset (Ensete ventricosum), Desmodium intortum hay and untreated or urea and calcium oxide treated wheat straw for sheep

Feed intake, in vivo nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization were evaluated in male sheep fed different fractions (leaf, pseudostem, corm, whole plant) of enset, untreated or 2% urea‐ and 3% calcium oxide‐ (CaO or lime) treated wheat straw and Desmodium intortum hay as sole diets. All feeds, except D. intortum hay and enset leaf had low crude protein (CP) content. Non‐fiber carbohydrate contents were higher in enset fractions, especially in pseudostem and corm relative to other feeds. Enset leaf and pseudostem had high calcium, phosphorus and manganese contents. Corm, whole enset and D. intortum hay were rich sources of zinc. Daily dry matter and CP intakes were higher (p < 0.05) in sheep fed D. intortum hay (830 and 133 g, respectively) than those fed pseudostem (92 and 7.8 g, respectively). Organic matter digestibilities were highest for corm (0.780) and whole enset (0.776) and lowest for D. intortum hay (0.534) and untreated wheat straw (0.522). The CP digestibility ranged from 0.636 in D. intortum hay to 0.408 in corm. Nitrogen (N) balance was highest (p < 0.05) in D. intortum hay (10.4 g/day) and lowest in corm (?1.3 g/day). Enset leaf could be a useful protein supplement whereas the pseudostem and corm could be good sources of energy.     

添加尿素和乳酸菌制剂对玉米秸秆青贮料品质的影响

我国玉米秸秆资源丰富,由于饲用品质差,而饲用开发利用不足。为了研究尿素、乳酸菌制剂(青宝2号)对玉米秸秆青贮饲料品质的影响,试验分别设置添加尿素(3kg/t或6kg/t)、青宝2号(2.5g/t)和青宝2号+尿素(3kg/t+2.5g/t或6kg/t+2.5g/t)5个处理,青贮发酵60d后取样分析。结果表明:玉米秸秆直接青贮,发酵品质较好,但粗蛋白含量较低。尿素(3kg/t或6kg/t)能够显著提高玉米秸青贮饲料的粗蛋白含量(P<0.05),乳酸菌制剂(2.5g/t)并没有明显改善玉米秸秆青贮饲料的发酵品质,与单独添加尿素(3kg/t或6kg/t)相比较,尿素和乳酸菌制剂一起添加(3kg/t+2.5g/t或6kg/t+2.5g/t)并没有进一步改善玉米秸秆青贮饲料发酵品质。