Fate of gram-negative bacterial biomass in soil—mineralization and contribution to SOM

Soil microorganisms contribute to the formation of non-living soil organic matter (SOM) by metabolic transformation of plant-derived material. After cell death, their biomass components with a specific molecular character become incorporated into SOM imprinting its chemical properties, although this process has not yet been quantified. In order to elucidate the contribution to SOM formation, we investigated the fate of gram-negative bacterial model biomass (Escherichia coli usually introduced into soil with manure or feces) during incubation of soil with isotopically (¹³C) and genetically (lux gene) labeled cells. The decline of living cells was monitored by the loss of bioluminescence. The carbon turnover and mineralization was balanced by bulk soil stable isotope analysis, and the persistence of nucleic acids was investigated by PCR amplification of the lux gene. During incubation, the number of viable E. coli cells decreased rapidly (99.9% within the first 42 d) serving as substrate for other microorganisms or for the formation of SOM, and bioluminescent cells could only be detected during the first 56 d. However, the lux gene was still detected after 224 d, which indicates stabilization of DNA in SOM. Although the survival of E. coli in soil is limited, only about 65% of the added labeled biomass carbon was mineralized to ¹³CO₂ and 51% remained in soil after 224 d with an average ¹³C recovery of 117%. The amount of ¹³C found in the PLFA representative of living cells had decreased to 25% of the initial value, suggesting a proportional decrease of the ¹³C in the soil microbial biomass. The extent of this decrease is higher than the mineralization of the bulk E. coli C and thus the difference of around 25% has to be stabilized as metabolites, or in non-living SOM. The data provide evidence that the genetic information and a considerable part of the carbon from dying bacterial biomass were retained in both the soil microbial food web and in non-living SOM.     

Do effects of soil compaction persist after ploughing? Results from 21 long-term field experiments in Sweden

The extent and persistence of the effect of soil compaction in a system with annual ploughing were investigated in 21 long-term field experiments in Sweden with a total of 259 location-years. Crop yield, soil physical properties and plant establishment were determined. All experiments had two common treatments: control (no extra traffic) and compacted (350 Mg km ha⁻¹ of experimental traffic in the autumn prior to ploughing), using a tractor and trailer with traditional wheel equipment and an axle load restricted to 4 Mg. During the rest of the year, both treatments were conventionally and equally tilled. The compaction was repeated each autumn for at least 7 years, and the yield was determined each year until 5 years after the termination of the compaction treatment.

Compaction decreased the porosity and the proportion of large pores and increased the tensile strength of dry aggregates. On clay and loam soils, it decreased the proportion of fine aggregates in the seedbed and the gravimetric soil water content in the seedbed.

The yield in the compacted treatment declined compared with the control during the first 4 years, after which it reached steady state. During this steady state, the compaction treatment caused a yield loss of 11.4%, averaged over 107 location-years. Within 4–5 years after the termination of the compaction treatment, the yield returned to the control level. The average yield loss at individual sites increased with increasing clay content.

Results from additional treatments indicated that yield loss was linearly correlated with the amount of traffic up to 300–400 Mg km ha⁻¹. With greater ground contact pressure or a greater soil water content at time of traffic, there was a greater yield loss.

Soil compaction effects on yield were similar for all spring-sown crops, and the percentage yield loss seemed to be independent of the yield. In a few location-years with winter wheat there was on average no yield decrease.

There were 5.1% less plants in the compacted treatment than in the control. The yield decrease was significantly correlated with the number of plants.

Between years results were highly variable, and no consistent correlations between yield loss and soil water content at the time of traffic or the weather conditions during the growing period were found. Soil compaction affected yield during years with good as well as poor conditions for crop growth.     

Spatial patterns of fire occurrence in Catalonia,NE, Spain

In this paper, we analyse spatial patterns of fire occurrence in Catalonia (NE Spain) during 1975–98. Fire scar maps, discriminated by means of 30–60 m resolution remote sensing imagery, have been used as a source of fire occurrence. We employ several visual or analytical approaches to interpret fire occurrence in this region, such as those of Minnich and Chou (1997), Ricotta et al. (2001) or Krummel et al. (1987). Crucial spatial patterns such as fire size distribution, fire frequency distribution, spots and residual vegetation islands are documented. In addition, several geographical layers were overlaid with burned area maps in order to determine interactions between fire occurrence and environmental parameters such as altitude, slope, solar radiation, and burned land cover. Assuming that fire occurrence is well determined by such a posteriori empirical factors we detect areas most prone to fire in this region and aim to enhance the local forest management and conservation plans.     

基于多尺度特征提取深度残差网络的水稻害虫识别

【目的】在水稻生产过程中,针对不同虫害需要采用不同的防治方案,水稻害虫的准确识别分类是制定针对性防治方案的前提。【方法】采用深度学习结合机器视觉的方法,基于Res2Net结构提出了一种多尺度特征提取的深度残差网络,通过准确地提取害虫特征实现复杂自然背景下的水稻害虫识别;采用改进的残差结构,使用等级制的类残差连接取代了原本的3×3卷积核,增加了每个网络层的感受野,可以更细粒度地提取多尺度特征。【结果】本网络训练的模型能够有效地识别自然背景下的水稻害虫,在自建的包含22类常见水稻害虫的图像数据集上,平均识别准确率达到了92.023%,优于传统的ResNet、VGG等网络。【结论】本文提出的模型可应用于水稻虫情自动监测系统,为实现水稻害虫虫情的机器视觉监测提供参考。     

甲氰菊酯在豌豆中残留动态及安全使用技术

采用气相色谱法及田间试验方法,研究了甲氰菊酯在豌豆中的残留消解动态,并对其安全使用技术进行试验。结果表明,甲氰菊酯在豌豆中原始沉积量因不同施药处理有较大的差别,施用量越大原始沉积量也越高;残留消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,不同施用量的降解速率基本相似,降解系数（︱k︱）=0.167 8±0.001 3,半衰期（DT₅₀）为4.1～4.2 d,降解99 %所需要的时间（T₉₉）为27.1～27.7 d。按常规方法施用甲氰菊酯有效成分5.00 g·（667 m²）^-1,施药1次或间隔7 d连续施药2次,末次施药后第14天的残留量均＜0.5 mg·kg^-1,第24天的残留量均＜0.1 mg·kg^-1,产品质量安全水平分别符合我国叶菜类蔬菜MRL和日本豆类蔬菜MRL的要求。     

大豆中赛乐特残留量分析方法的研究

本文用气相色谱仪分析了赛乐特残留量的测定方法［１,２］,与国外同类方法比较,操作简便,分离效果好,平均回收率为８５．０８％－９２．３１％,最低检测浓度为０．０２ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

磨削、研磨、喷丸处理对马氏体不锈钢疲劳强度的影响

通过对马氏体不锈钢（２Ｃｒ１３）试片热处理强化处理后,分别进行了磨削及磨削后研磨加工、喷丸处理,以探讨表层硬度、表层残余应力及表面粗糙度等诸因素对疲劳强度的影响。实验表明,减少表面粗糙度Ｒａ值,增加表层残余压应力是提高２Ｃｒ１３不锈钢使用寿命的有效方法。     

Determining the disaggregated economic value of irrigation water in the Musi sub-basin in India

In this paper the residual method is used to determine the disaggregated economic value of irrigation water used in agriculture across crops, zones and seasons. This method relies on the belief that the value of a good (its price by its quantity) is equal to the summation of the quantity of each input multiplied by its average value. By applying this method to the Musi sub-basin; a subdivision of the Krishna basin in India, it was found that the value of irrigation water use is not equated across the crops, zones and seasons. The reasons why there is no sinlge value of irrigation water use are suggested. As farmers do not have perfect knowledge, do not all possess the same resource base, plant different crops for a variety of reasons (some for a financial return on land instead of water and others for sustenance), possess different crop rotation practices and are possibly riks adverse, they all value water differently. However, the results need to be interpreted with care as the crop with the lowest return to water is probably not the one to be sacrificed if water is restricted, since farmers plant crops for a variety of reasons (and sometimes not for the highest return to water that they can achieve).     

Evaluation of thiacloprid and clothianidin (neonicotinoids) as alternative to fenthion (organophosphate) for control of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in deciduous fruit orchards

Fenthion (organophosphate) was used in Australia to target adults, eggs and larvae of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata Wiedmann (Diptera: Tephritidae) in deciduous fruits. With its removal from use in 2015, clothianidin and thiacloprid (neonicotinoids) were evaluated for any adulticide, ovicide or larvicide (eggs, larvae) activity against Medfly in a series of laboratory and field-cage experiments in peach and nectarine. We included fenthion in all experiments as a positive control. As an adulticide, fenthion had the greatest residual toxicity on fruit, with 7 d old residues killing 44% of adults within 48 h compared to thiacloprid (17%) and clothianidin (30%). When applied as a larvicide to naturally infested peaches, none of the insecticides was 100% effective, though fewest pupae (1.18 ± 0.19 pupae/fruit) (indirect measurement of larval survival) were produced when treated with fenthion, followed by clothianidin (3.40 ± 0.33 pupae/fruit) and thiacloprid (6.88 ± 0.34 pupae/fruit); with 11.35 ± 0.30 pupae/fruit in control (water). In peaches treated 48 h post-infestation, fenthion was most effective in reducing numbers of pupae and adult emergence and with higher percentage of deformed adults, with thiacloprid=clothianidin. In nectarines treated 48 h post-infestation, fenthion was most effective in reducing numbers of pupae and adult emergence as well as with higher percentage of deformed adults, followed by clothianidin. Insecticides were least effective when applied as a preventative 24 h or 7 d prior to infestation, with fenthion more effective than clothianidin. Whilst our study shows that neither clothianidin nor thiacloprid are equivalent to fenthion, they are acceptable substitutes to growers for use for Medfly in deciduous fruits given that fenthion is no longer available to growers in Australia. We recommend that growers incorporate other controls to target the adult stage rather than rely only on new insecticides.     

残膜对番茄苗期和开花坐果期生长的影响

残膜污染已成为危害农田生态系统的重要因子,不仅阻碍土壤水分和养分运移,而且影响作物生长。为探明残膜对不同生育期番茄生长的影响规律,采用小区试验方法,设置0 kg·hm-2、80 kg·hm-2、160 kg·hm-2、320 kg·hm-2、640 kg·hm-2和1 280 kg·hm-2共6种不同残膜量水平,研究残膜量对番茄苗期和开花坐果期的根系特征、地上部生长和干物质积累的影响,并采用Logistic生长模型定量分析残膜对番茄养分积累始盛期、高峰期和盛末期的影响。结果表明,残膜阻碍了番茄苗期和开花坐果期根系的生长,根体积、根长密度和根干质量密度均随残膜量增加而降低;随着残膜量增加,苗期和开花坐果期的株高和茎粗均呈减小趋势,且株高和茎粗的增长速率逐渐降低。番茄养分积累的始盛期和高峰期随残膜量增加而提前,番茄追肥的最佳时期也应提前。在番茄苗期和开花坐果期,根系、茎秆、花和幼果的干物质量均随残膜量增加而减少,而叶片的干物质量呈递增趋势。残膜对番茄苗期根系、地上部生长和干物质积累的阻碍作用高于开花坐果期。由此可见,残膜对番茄苗期的危害强于开花坐果期,且干物质积累的始盛期和高峰期均随残膜量增加而提前,加强番茄苗期水肥管理和提前水肥施加时间是减轻残膜危害的有利措施。