阿克苏地区农田残膜回收工作探讨

本文总结了阿克苏地区治理"白色污染"的工作现状及工作中还存在的问题,提出了今后的工作思路。     

黄土高原旱地夏季休闲期~(15)N标记硝态氮的去向

夏季休闲是黄土高原旱地小麦常见的蓄纳雨水、恢复地力的措施。随着氮肥用量的增加,一季小麦收获后,旱地土壤剖面累积的硝态氮量不断增加,休闲期间降雨量高,残留硝态氮的去向是值得研究的问题。利用~(15)N标记法研究小麦收获后残留肥料氮在黄土高原旱地(陕西长武)夏季休闲期间的去向,即小麦收获后在微区土壤表层(0~15 cm)施入~(15)N标记的硝态氮肥(30 kg hm~(-2)(以纯氮计),约相当于当地小麦一季作物收获后土壤残留肥料氮量),休闲结束后,采集0~200 cm土壤样品,测定了土壤全氮、硝态氮含量及其~(15)N丰度。结果表明,小麦收获(即休闲开始)时0~200 cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量在205~268 kg hm-2之间(平均244 kg hm~(-2)),累积量较高。夏季休闲期间降水量为157 mm,属欠水年,但休闲结束后,~(15)N标记肥料氮向下迁移已达80 cm土层,下移深度在45~65cm之间,说明,旱地休闲期间硝态氮的淋溶作用不可忽视。夏季休闲结束后,加入的~(15)N标记肥料氮平均损失率为28%,损失机理值得进一步研究。     

The influence of partial timber harvesting in riparian buffers on macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams in Minnesota,USA

Relatively few evaluations of aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities have been published in peer-reviewed literature detailing the effect of varying residual basal area (RBA) after timber harvesting in riparian buffers. Our analysis investigated the effects of partial harvesting within riparian buffers on aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams from two experiments in northern Minnesota northern hardwood-aspen forests. Each experiment evaluated partial harvesting within riparian buffers. In both experiments, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish were collected 1 year prior to harvest and in each of 3 years after harvest. We observed interannual variation for the macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity and taxon richness in the single-basin study and abundance and diversity in the multiple-basin study, but few effects related to harvest treatments in either study. However, interannual variation was not evident in the fish communities and we detected no significant changes in the stream fish communities associated with partially harvested riparian buffers in either study. This would suggest that timber harvesting in riparian management zones along reaches ≤200 m in length on both sides of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 12.4 ± 1.3 m² ha⁻¹ or on a single side of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 8.7 ± 1.6 m² ha⁻¹ may be adequate to protect macroinvertebrate and fish communities in our Minnesota study systems given these specific timber harvesting techniques.     

动物营养与遗传育种学一体化研究的新方向（RFI）

以进食净效应（Residual〈net〉feef intake,RFI）为核心概念指标,进行动物营养学和遗传育种学一体化研究,正在国外少数发达国家的畜牧科学界深入推行,取得了多畜种研究应用的独特成果,将不同学科交叉研究推向了畜牧科学的前沿领域。2007年联合国粮农组织（FAO）动物遗传资源委员会专家团建议各国要研究采用RFI,以此为基础的选择方案可以提高畜群的内在效率,对所有物种和所有生产系统都是一个重要标准。可以获得采食较少的动物,但又不牺牲生长强度和生产性能。本文对近年这方面的研究作了评述,提出了开展这一领域研究的难点,展望这方面研究对动物营养学和遗传育种学基本理论的某些方面可能形成的挑战。     

敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯在香蕉上的残留动态

采用气相色谱法及田间试验方法,研究敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯在香蕉上的残留动态。结果表明,在香蕉上的原始沉积量,敌敌畏>溴氰菊酯>三氟氯氰菊酯,同一农药的原始沉积量与施用量密切相关。敌敌畏在香蕉上消解迅速,在施药1 d后消解率均在80%以上,施药后3 d的残留量≤0.005 mg/kg。溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯在香蕉上的残留消解动态符合一级动力学方程,溴氰菊酯推荐剂量为C=0.129 8×e-0.1201t,加倍剂量为C=0.248 9×e-0.114 5t,半衰期(T1/2)为5.8～6.1 d,消解99%所需要时间(T0.99)为38.4～40.3 d;三氟氯氰菊酯推荐剂量为C=0.033 9×e-0.070 0t,加倍剂量为C=0.070 7×e-0.069 5t,T1/2为9.9～10.0 d,T0.99为65.8～66.3 d。敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯在距第2次(末次)施药后60～70 d,香蕉产品的最终残留量均分别<0.005 mg/kg、<0.01 mg/kg、<0.008 mg/kg。     

Poultry litter and tillage influences on corn production and soil nutrients in a Kentucky silt loam soil

Broiler chicken (Gallus gallus) manure, a rich source of plant nutrients, is generated in large quantities in southeastern USA where many row crops, such as corn (Zea mays L.), are also extensively grown. However, the use of broiler manure as an economical alternative source of nutrients for corn production has not been extensively explored in this region. This study was conducted to examine the use of broiler litter as a source of nutrients for corn production, as influenced by tillage and litter rate, and any residual effects following application. In addition, the consequence of litter application to soil test nutrient levels, particularly P, Zn and Cu, was explored. The treatments consisted of two rates of broiler litter application, 11 and 22 Mg ha⁻¹ on a wet weight basis, and one rate of chemical fertilizer applied under no-till and conventional tillage systems. Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Corn was grown with broiler litter and inorganic fertilizer applied to the same plots each year from 1998 to 2001. In 2002 and 2003, corn was planted no-till, but only N fertilizer was applied in order to make use of other residual litter nutrients. Soil samples were taken yearly in the spring prior to litter application and 4 years after the cessation of litter application to evaluate the status of the residual nutrients in soil. Two years out of the 4-year experiment, broiler litter application produced significantly greater corn grain yield than equivalent chemical fertilizer application and produced similar grain yield in the other 2 years. Corn grain yield was significantly greater under no-till in 1999, but significantly greater under conventional-till in 2000, and no difference between the two tillage systems were observed in 1998 and 2001. With 4 years of litter application, Mehlich-3 P increased from an initial 18 mg kg⁻¹ to 156 mg kg⁻¹ with 11 Mg ha⁻¹ litter and to 257 mg kg⁻¹ with 22 Mg ha⁻¹ litter. For every 6 kg ha⁻¹ of P applied in poultry litter Mehlich-3 P was increased by 1 mg kg⁻¹. Modest increases in Mehlich-3 Cu and Zn did not result in phytotoxic levels. This study indicated that an optimum rate of broiler litter as a primary fertilizer at 11 Mg ha⁻¹ applied in 4 consecutive years on a silt loam soil produced corn grain yields similar to chemical fertilizer under both no-till and conventional tillage systems and kept soil test P, Cu and Zn levels below values considered to be harmful to surface water quality or the crop.     

秸秆腐解过程中土壤热值与有机养分动态

研究玉米秸秆在3种长期试验地(葡萄园、桃园、农田)腐解过程中土壤热值和养分动态变化情况,为秸秆资源的合理利用和土壤培肥提供科学依据。于2011年10月至2012年10月在陕西杨凌进行,采用尼龙网袋法进行玉米秸秆腐解试验,定期取样测定秸秆的腐解残留率,研究紧贴尼龙网袋土壤的热值及其养分变化。结果表明:随着腐解时间的增加,秸秆在0～270d腐解迅速,残留率基本为50%左右,在270～360d腐解速度减慢,最终玉米秸秆在农田、桃园、葡萄园的腐解残留率分别为41.73%、36.11%、46.14%。3个试验地对秸秆腐解过程中土壤热值的影响差异不显著。土壤温度与秸秆腐解的残留率变化呈极显著负相关,影响秸秆在土壤中的腐解速度。整个腐解期间,除了秸秆腐解过程中土壤有机碳的变化不大,农田土壤pH基本不变,果园土壤pH下降了2.06%～2.32%;农田和桃园土壤速效磷分别增加了14.2%和67.5%,而葡萄园土壤速效磷降低了26.9%;农田、桃园和葡萄园的土壤速效钾分别增加了49.9%,43.0%和89.2%。3个试验地土壤易氧化有机碳、稳定性有机碳和碱解氮质量分数之间差异不显著。秸秆腐解在前、中期降解较快,后期趋缓。土壤温度、易氧化有机碳、稳定性有机碳、速效钾影响玉米秸秆在土壤中的腐解速度。果园土壤的有机碳和速效钾质量分数极显著高于农田土壤,说明生草可以提高果园土壤的部分养分质量分数,提高秸秆还田效果,农田土壤在秸秆还田时可调控因素比果园土壤多。可见,植物秸秆在腐解过程中会不同程度影响土壤养分质量分数的变化,提高部分有效养分质量分数,对土壤肥力和质量的提升起到一定的作用。     

市售三七中五氯硝基苯的残留情况调查

目的：建立三七药材中分析五氯硝基苯（CBPN）残留量的毛细管气相色谱法,考察文山三七药材中的五氯硝基苯残留量情况。方法：样品用正已烷提取,用硅镁吸附剂预处理小柱净化,采用OV-17毛细管柱（30m×0．53mm,1um）及电子捕获检测器（ECD）,外标法计算含量。结果：平均加样回收率为93．6％,部分样品检出的五氯硝基苯残留量超过日本肯定列表限量。结论：建立的方法适用于三七中五氯硝基苯残留量的测定,有必要对三七药材中有机氯农药残留量制定相应的限量标准,并强令禁止销售和使用。     

In situ measurement of the vertical linear shrinkage curve of soils

In situ studies on soil shrinkage has been limited so far to highly swelling soils due to the limited precision of the in situ measurements. We present a new experimental set-up for the in situ measurement of the vertical linear shrinkage curve (LSC) of soils that uses electronic linear displacement transducers to measure soil layer thickness variations. We used block kriging, instead of arithmetic averaging as done by former authors, to estimate locally the water content of the soil layers at the same spot where the thickness measurements are done. We tested this in situ LSC measurement method in the borderline case of two weakly swelling soils from Senegal. The precision of the soil layer thickness measurements are better than or equal to ±10 μm. With block kriging, the gravimetric water content of the soil could be estimated with a precision less than ±0.02 kg kg⁻¹, in average, from only 3 samples. The global in situ shrinkage of the two weakly swelling soils ranged from 0.02%–0.36% in relative values, which is two orders of magnitude less than that measured on highly swelling soils. Owing to the precision of the measurements, LSCs of both soils could be drawn. They had a shape similar to that of highly swelling soils, with a structural shrinkage phase followed by an uncompleted basic shrinkage phase. Residual shrinkage was never observed, except for the sandy top layer of the ferrallitic soil.     

前茬冬小麦栽培措施对后茬夏玉米光合特性及产量的影响

为了明确前茬冬小麦施氮和种植方式对后茬夏玉米光合特性及产量的影响,于2013-2015年华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区进行裂区试验。冬小麦施氮112.5 kg/hm2(N1)和225.0 kg/hm2(N2)为主处理,冬小麦等行距(U)改为夏玉米等行距(UR),20+40沟播(F)改为垄作(BP)的种植方式为副处理。结果表明,与UR和N1相比,BP和N2提高夏玉米叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量指数(CCI)、净光合速率(Pn)及干物质重(DM),且减缓LAI、CCI和Pn后期降低幅度。冬小麦季,与U相比,F种植方式增产3.1%、穗数提高6.9%、穗粒数提高2.4%。与N1相比,N2处理增产5.0%、穗数提高13.8%、穗粒数提高4.9%;夏玉米季,与UR比,夏玉米BP种植方式增产7.1%、穗粒数提高2.4%、收获指数提高5.9%。与N1相比,N2处理增产13.0%、穗粒数提高9.2%、收获指数提高11.9%。在华北冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区,冬小麦季施氮225.0 kg/hm2的条件下,氮肥后效明显,结合沟播冬小麦收获后在垄上直播夏玉米的种植方式是一种全程简化、高效、丰产的栽培措施,在华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区有很高的实践意义。