南宁郊区水稻蒸散研究初报

利用1988年和1989年对中熟水稻品种桂密实地观测的蒸散资料,分析了影响蒸散的气象因子和作物因子,并与气候学方法估算的蒸散量作了比较。初步得出南宁郊区水稻蒸散的一些规律。从移栽到成熟的总蒸散量为422mm,平均日蒸散量为5.3mm。水稻蒸散主要取决于叶面积和温度,风速和日照也有影响。蒸散最低值出现在生长初期,最高值出现在穗始分化至开花期,但早晚稻有所差异。     

化学非光滑表面和几何粗糙表面的润湿性

研究了弥散Al₂O₃粒子的尼龙1010基复合涂层和喷涂T8钢—浸渍聚有机硅氧烷的复合涂层两类化学非光滑表面及聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、尼龙6、尼龙1010、T8钢、45钢和Al₂O₃粗糙表面的润湿性。导出了弥散球形粒子型化学非光滑表面上液体接触角与其组成相固有接触角关系的方程,该方程与尼龙1010—Al₂O₃粒子复合涂层表面接触角试验结果吻合良好。在尼龙1010基体中加入适量Al₂O₃粒子后,液体接触角未发生明显变化;T8钢喷涂层浸渍聚有机硅氧烷后,表面憎水性明显增强;材料的固有接触角越远离90°,表面粗糙性对接触角的影响越明显。     

齿轮结合面切向接触刚度分形计算模型研究

在机械结合面切向接触刚度分形模型的基础上,结合两圆柱体接触强度分形模型,建立了齿轮结合面的切向接触刚度分形计算模型。该模型综合考虑齿轮接触面的微观特性和宏观特性,其计算结果与测量仪器的分辨率无关,具有尺度独立性。仿真结果显示：齿轮结合面的切向接触刚度与分形维数、材料的特性参数、齿轮的齿数成正比,与粗糙度幅值成反比。     

青藏高原草甸和湿地下垫面陆面特征比较分析简

利用青藏高原玛多草句和玉树隆宝湿地的观测资料,比较分析了2种不同下垫面的净辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量、土壤湿度和地表反照率的逐月日变化特征,并计算了2个地区各月地表反照率。结果表明,玛多草句和玉树隆宝湿地净辐射通量夏秋季高、冬春季低。夏季,草句下垫面感热通量日变化高于湿地下垫面;冬季,草甸和湿地2种下垫面的感热通量日变化相差不大;2种下垫面潜热通量均为夏季高、冬季低。各月湿地下垫面潜热通量高于草句下垫面,各月份湿地下垫面土壤湿度高于草甸下垫面;在一年当中,湿地下垫面10cm深处土壤湿度变化幅度很大,草甸下垫面10cm深处土壤湿度在一年当中变化幅度很小。2种下垫面地表反照率冬季高、夏李低,草甸和湿地2种下垫面年平均地表反照率分别为0．27和0．25。     

Energy balance of six common landscape surfaces and the influence of surface properties on gas exchange of four containerized tree species

Gas exchange and growth of woody landscape plants is strongly affected by underlying surfaces. In urban areas, plants are subjected to energy balance characteristics of a variety of surfaces. We investigated energy balance properties of six urban surfaces: asphalt, gravel rock mulch, lava rock mulch, concrete, pine bark mulch, and turf. Each summer over a 3-year period, incoming global shortwave radiation, surface temperature, surface reflectivity (albedo), soil temperature below each surface, and soil heat flux were measured for each surface, and total incoming radiation, thermal conductivity, and longwave radiation emitted by each surface were calculated. Differences in surface properties were analyzed by regression analysis. Albedo was greatest for concrete and least for lava rock mulch, while thermal conductivity was greatest for asphalt and least for lava rock and pine bark mulches. Under maximum incoming total radiation, regression analysis indicated: soil heat flux was greatest under asphalt and concrete and least under lava rock and pine bark mulches; soil temperature below each surface was greatest for asphalt and concrete and least for pine bark mulch; surface temperature was greatest for pine bark mulch and least for turf; and longwave radiation flux of each surface was greatest for pine bark mulch and least for turf. This research revealed that more energy was conducted into the soil below asphalt and concrete, and that a greater portion of incoming radiation was prevented from entering the soil below pine bark and lava rock mulches than below other surfaces. Due to these effects, and the lack of evaporative cooling, surface temperatures were greater, and more longwave radiation was emitted from non-vegetative surfaces than from turf. In a concurrent study, we investigated if the energy balance of turf, pine bark mulch, and asphalt surfaces influenced gas exchange of four containerized tree species grown over each surface. On several occasions over a 2-year period, morning-to-evening measurements of stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and plant water loss were made on containerized Bechtel crabapple (Malus ionensis ‘Plena’), Norway maple (Acer platanoides ‘Crimson King’), globe willow (Salix matsudana ‘Navajo’) and American plane tree (Platanus occidentalis). Leaves over pine bark mulch and asphalt intercepted more longwave radiation and generally had greater leaf temperature and leaf-to-air vapor difference than leaves over turf. As a result, trees over non-vegetative surfaces generally had lower stomatal conductance and water loss than trees over turf.     

Using a videographic system to assess spray droplet impaction and reflection from leaf and artificial surfaces

A video motion analysis system was used with two different monodisperse droplet generators to quantify droplet impaction and any consequent reflection. By using different magnification/droplet generator combinations, droplet impaction was detailed at various stages. Low (7×) magnification, together with a generator that produced a spray cloud, allowed determination of the height and numbers of droplets reflected from plant surfaces. Higher (15×) magnification and a single-drop generator enabled the trajectory, and changes in velocity, of a rebounding droplet to be followed. By using high (90×) magnification and the single-drop generator, detailed measurements of a droplet deforming on impact could be made. Examples of how these techniques could be used are given. © 1998 SCI     

Efficacy and reduced fuel use for hot water weed control on pavements

Non‐chemical weed control on pavements needs more frequently repeated treatments than the application of glyphosate and often uses large amounts of fuel. To obtain effective hot water control with minimum energy consumption, an in‐depth study of efficacy‐influencing factors was performed. Three dose–response pot experiments were conducted outdoors to investigate the impact of growth stage (39, 60 and 81 day old), water temperature (78, 88 and 98°C), time of the day (2, 7 and 12 h after sunrise) and treatment interval (2, 3, 4 and 6 week intervals) on hot water sensitivity of seven weed species that are hard to control on pavements. Responses to hot water were quantified by weed coverage and total dry biomass. In general, hot water sensitivity was highest for species with large planophile leaves and lowest for grasses with small erectophile leaves. Most species were twofold to sixfold more sensitive to water at 98°C than at 78 and 88°C, particularly when treated at early growth stages. Among treatment intervals, treating at 3‐week intervals was up to twofold more effective and energy efficient than treating at 6‐week intervals. Sensitivity was about twofold lower in the morning than in the afternoon. For effective control of weeds, while using less fuel, it is recommended to apply hot water in the late afternoon, to operate at high water temperature (98°C) and to treat plants as young as possible at 3‐week intervals.     

Interpretation of infrared spectra for OM characterization of soil structural surfaces of Bt‐horizons

The surfaces of macropores or aggregates can act as hot spots for biogeochemical processes and solute transport during preferential flow. For the characterization of organic matter (OM) at macropore surfaces non‐destructive methods have been applied such as diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT). However, effects of organic components on DRIFT signal intensities are often difficult to distinguish from those of mineral components. Here, DRIFT spectra from intact earthworm burrow walls and coated cracks were re‐evaluated to improve the interpretation of C–H and C=O bands. We compared DRIFT and transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of entire samples that were from the same pedogenetic soil horizon (Bt) but different in mineral composition and texture (i.e., glacial till vs. loess). Spectra of incinerated samples were subtracted from the original spectra. Transmission FTIR and DRIFT spectra were almost identical for entire soil samples. However, the DRIFT spectra were affected by the bulk mode bands (i.e., wavenumbers 2000 to 1700 cm^?1). These bands affected spectral resolution and reproducibility. The ratios between C–H and C=O band intensities as indicator for OM quality obtained with DRIFT were smaller than those obtained from transmission FTIR. The results demonstrated that DRIFT and transmission FTIR data required separate interpretations. DRIFT spectroscopy as a non‐destructive method for analyzing OM composition at intact surfaces in structured soils could be calibrated with information obtained with the more detailed transmission FTIR and complementary methods. Spectral subtraction procedure was found useful to reduce effects of mineral absorption bands. The improved DRIFT data may be related to other soil properties (e.g., cation exchange capacity) of hot spots in structured soils.     

A review of pesticide policies and regulations for urban amenity areas in seven European countries

An analysis of the regulations of herbicide use for weed control in non-agricultural/urban amenity areas, including actual pesticide use, was carried out as a joint survey of seven European countries: Denmark, Finland, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Sweden and United Kingdom. Herbicides constitute the major part of the pesticides used in urban amenity areas. Herbicide use on hard surfaces is the largest in terms of volume and potential contamination of surface and groundwater. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in political interest and public debate on the 'use of pesticides in public urban amenity areas', regulations within each country at national, regional and local levels, possible use of alternative weed control methods and the amounts of pesticides used on urban amenity areas. A comparative analysis revealed major differences in political interest, regulations and availability of statistics on pesticide use. Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands and Germany have, or have had, a strong public and political interest for reducing the use of herbicides to control weeds in urban amenity areas and also have very strict regulations. The UK is currently undergoing a period of increasing awareness and strengthening regulation, while Latvia and Finland do not have specific regulations for weed control in urban amenity areas or on hard surfaces. Statistics on pesticide/herbicide use on urban amenity areas were only available in Denmark and the Netherlands. Developing this kind of information base reveals the differences in herbicide use, regulations and policies in European countries and may enhance the transfer of knowledge on sustainable weed control across countries.     

Pesticide residues on the external surfaces of field-crop sprayers: environmental impact

There is increased awareness of the need to clean the external surfaces of sprayers, but the extent to which the washings may impact on the environment is not known. Quantification of the levels of external residues on sprayers could give an indication of the potential environmental impact of sprayer cleaning. The presence of azoxystrobin, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, cyanazine, cypermethrin, epoxiconazole, flusilazole, isoproturon, kresoxim-methyl, metazachlor, pendimethalin, pirimicarb and tebuconazole on thirteen sprayers, sampled on two occasions was investigated. Composite samples were taken from the boom, nozzles and spray tank (delivery system) and the mudguard, cab door, rear window and windscreen (tractor body). Despite being subject to some form of cleaning, pesticides were detected on all sprayers. Residues were found at higher quantities and with greater frequency on the nozzles and booms, but the mean dose on the spray tank was equal to that on the mudguard (7.2 mg m(-2)). Isoproturon, pendimethalin, metazachlor, chlorothalonil and azoxystrobin were all detected above 1000 mg m(-2) on the delivery system, whereas on the tractor body the highest concentrations were between 100 and 1000 mg m(-2) (isoproturon, pendimethalin, chlorothalonil and carbendazim). On the whole, azoxystrobin was detected on the least number of occasions. However, there was great variation within and between compounds and sampling sites. Generally sprayers were not cleaned frequently or efficiently, enabling residues to accumulate on the external surfaces where they can remain for years. The findings here indicate that the quantity of these residues may be sufficient to be harmful to aquatic organisms should the residues enter a watercourse. In addition, if all the residues were removed by cleaning in the field and the washings catchment area was 15 m2 or less, overdosing could occur. Further work is required to assess whether a more frequent cleaning regime would reduce the overall environmental impact of cleaning sprayers. Implications for potential occupational exposure are considered elsewhere.