油茶幼林结实与果枝特性研究

通过对油茶自花授粉全同胞子代、无性系间控制授粉全同胞子代、半同胞子代和无性系四种不同群体的结果枝特性和开花结实特点等主要经济性状的研究,揭示了四种群体及其优良林分的结实特性和产量规律,为油茶杂交组合、优良家系和无性系等良种的生产应用和栽培技术、以及进一步开展杂交和选择育种研究积累了必要的技术和理论知识。     

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

基于投入产出方法的食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈研究

为了解决传统食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈模型演化稳定性差的问题,提出基于投入产出方法的食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈模型。依据食用菌产业实际情况,界定食用菌产业生态补偿利益相关者,引入投入产出方法,以此为基础,构建食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈模型。以模型为工具,计算模型平衡点,并演化博弈食用菌产业生态补偿情况。仿真试验结果表明:与传统演化博弈模型相比,构建的食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈模型极大的提升了演化稳定性,表现出了良好的演化博弈性能。     

C/N比对好氧堆肥中NH3挥发损失和含氮有机物转化的影响

利用牛粪和不同比例玉米秸秆的混合,设置5个不同C/N比处理(T1=15、T2=20、T3=25、T4=30、T5=35),研究其对条垛式好氧堆肥过程中的NH_3挥发损失和含氮有机物转化的影响。结果表明:在肥堆前24 d有11.1%～23.1%的总氮损失,堆体C/N比越低,总氮损失率越高。堆肥结束时,T1～T5处理的总氮损失率为10.1%～24.1%,其中由NH_3挥发造成的氮损失占总氮损失的30.9%～40.5%。堆肥过程的NH_3挥发主要发生在升温期和高温期,此期的NH_3挥发量占总挥发量的95%以上,是总氮损失的主要途径。堆肥前6 d各处理堆体铵态氮积累并达到最高值,导致pH值迅速升高,是造成堆肥NH_3挥发的直接原因。堆体C/N比越低,pH值越高,NH_3挥发量越大,由此造成的氮损失占总氮损失的比例越大。堆肥材料总氮的90%以上为有机氮,其降解主要发生在堆肥前24 d,堆体初始C/N比越低,有机氮矿化越快。不同有机氮组分的降解速率不同,以氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮的降解为主。当堆体初始C/N比低于25时,堆肥材料中氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮等有机态氮快速降解产生大量的铵态氮,由此导致堆体pH值的迅速升高,是导致堆肥过程中大量NH_3挥发和氮素损失的主要原因。     

Responses of plant community to the linkages in plant-soil C:N:P stoichiometry during secondary succession of abandoned farmlands,China

Succession is one of the central themes of ecology;however,the relationship between aboveground plant communities and underground soils during secondary succession remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the composition of plant community,plant-soil C:N:P stoichiometry and their relationships during secondary succession after the abandonment of farmlands for 0,10,20,30,40 and 50 a in China,2016.Results showed that the composition of plant communities was most diverse in the farmlands after secondary succession for 20 and 50 a.Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents slightly decreased after secondary succession for 30 a,but both were significantly higher than those of control farmland(31.21%-139.10%and 24.24%-121.21%,respectively).Moreover,C:N ratios of soil and microbe greatly contributed to the changes in plant community composition during secondary succession of abandoned farmlands,explaining 35.70%of the total variation.Particularly,soil C:N ratio was significantly and positively related with the Shannon-Wiener index.This study provides the evidence of synchronous evolution between plant community and soil during secondary succession and C:N ratio is an important linkage between them.     

秸秆还田对东北半干旱区玉米‖花生轮作系统土壤水热特性及作物产量的影响

以东北半干旱区玉米‖花生轮作系统为研究对象,试验设传统玉米单作、花生单作、不同秸秆还田量下(30%、60%和100%)玉米‖花生轮作5个处理。通过连续3年田间定位试验,研究玉米秸秆不同还田量对农田土壤水热特性、产量及土地当量比(LER)的影响。结果表明,与传统单作相比,秸秆还田处理玉米区播前0～40 cm土壤平均含水量提高了1.9%～3.9%,花生区提高了11.0%～13.9%;成熟期,秸秆还田花生区0:00～8:00平均地温比传统单作提高了0.2℃～1.1℃,10:00～22:00平均地温较传统单作降低了0.5℃～1.0℃。2016年和2017年玉米‖花生轮作系统LER为1.05～1.16,2018年各处理LER均小于1。吉林半干旱区玉米‖花生轮作系统进行秸秆还田改善了作物播前的土壤水分状况,但对于作物产量的影响在不同年份有所差异。     

羊肚菌营养袋制作原料的化学成分分析及配方优化

为优化羊肚菌营养袋的原料组成与配比,以食药用菌栽培基质中常用的4种秸秆及谷壳、麦粒、麦麸,通过主成分分析归纳各原料的营养组成属性,设计出9个营养袋配方进行栽培试验,比较出菇产量,得出高产营养袋原料组合为谷壳和麦粒;再以谷壳与麦粒按11种不同的重量比混合制成营养袋进行栽培试验,综合考量制作成本、出菇产量、经济效益等因素后,最终得到高产高效的羊肚菌营养袋配方(重量比)为谷壳19%、麦粒79%、石灰1%、石膏1%。     

不同浓度NAA/6BA配比对不同品种甘薯茎尖培养特性的影响

为明确不同品种甘薯茎尖培养的最佳NAA/6BA配比,设置0.1 mg/L/2.5 mg/L、0.2 mg/L/2.5 mg/L、0.2 mg/L/1.0 mg/L 3组NAA/6BA浓度配比处理,观测不同浓度激素处理对‘北京553’、‘红香蕉’、‘苏薯8号’、‘烟薯25’、‘安吉芋’、‘济徐23’、‘渝紫7号’、‘商薯19’茎尖培养成苗率、愈伤组织直径、不定根数目、叶片数和植株高度的影响,同时调查不同品种试管苗的移栽成活率。结果表明,‘红香蕉’、‘济徐23’、‘渝紫7号’、‘商薯19’在0.1 mg/L/2.5 mg/L的处理下培养效率最高;‘安吉芋’在0.2 mg/L/2.5 mg/L的处理下培养效率最高;‘苏薯8号’、‘北京553’、‘烟薯25’在0.2 mg/L/1.0 mg/L的处理下培养效率最高。因此,在甘薯茎尖培养过程中,不同甘薯品种适宜的NAA/6BA配比存在显著差异,在实际生产中应根据品种特性来进行调整激素的用量和比例。     

不同育成年份冬小麦苗期根冠生物量分配

为探讨品种更替过程中小麦苗期根冠生物量分配的演变趋势,以历年来黄淮海麦区大面积推广种植的22个冬小麦品种为研究对象,采用砂培的方法进行幼苗培养,分析小麦种子萌发后不同时间根、冠生长及生物量分配的变化规律。结果表明:冬小麦种子萌发后第3天幼苗根数在品种间无显著差异,第9天、第15天随着品种更替的进行呈现出显著下降的趋势,现代品种初生根数目显著低于早期品种。在第3天、第9天、第15天,小麦苗期幼苗生长随品种更替呈现不同的变化趋势,芽长显著下降,但根长无显著差异。可见,冬小麦苗期芽干质量在品种改良过程中未发生明显变化,而根干质量和根冠比呈现出显著下降的趋势,冬小麦苗期现代品种地上部分分配到更多的生物量。     

咸水灌溉对基质栽培甜脆豌豆生长及营养品质的影响

【目的】探讨在水资源紧缺地区开展无土栽培咸水灌溉的可行性。【方法】采用基质盆栽试验,以甜脆豌豆为试验对象,设置0.6(淡水)、1.6、2.6、3.6、4.6 g/L共5个矿化度(深层地下淡水掺兑NaCl而成)灌水处理,研究了甜脆豌豆植株地上部和根系生长状况以及豌豆营养品质对咸水灌溉的响应。【结果】与淡水灌溉相比,灌溉水矿化度为3.6 g/L和4.6 g/L时出苗率显著(P<0.05)降低,降幅分别为12.5%和31.2%;甜脆豌豆的株高、地上部鲜/干物质量均随灌溉水矿化度的增加而显著(P<0.05)降低;在播后16 d时1.6 g/L和2.6 g/L处理的甜脆豌豆根系干物质积累未明显降低,但是在播后32d时咸水灌溉处理的根系干物质较淡水灌溉处理分别降低28.9%、40.5%、52.2%和53.1%;随灌溉水矿化度的增加,甜脆豌豆的根冠比呈增加趋势,豌豆淀粉量呈降低趋势,但2.6 g/L与0.6g/L处理间差异不显著(P≥0.05),豌豆可溶性蛋白量和可溶性糖量表现出先增加后减少的趋势,最大值均出现在2.6 g/L处理。【结论】开展基质栽培咸水灌溉甜脆豌豆是可行的,但灌溉水矿化度应≤2.6 g/L。