Effect of dietary protein:energy ratio on intake, growth and metabolism of juvenile green abalone Haliotis fulgens

Juvenile green abalone Haliotis rufescens were grown under laboratory conditions at 21±1 °C and fed formulated diets consisting of different protein:energy ratios (mg protein/kcal), 62, 74, 85, 100, 108, for 60 days. The level of crude protein ranged from approximately 26% to 44% while the energy content remained constant at about 4.1 kcal g⁻¹. Growth ranged from 3.63 to 12.33 mg day⁻¹. The growth of abalone fed the 100 and 108 diets was significantly greater than that of each of the other diets. Protein efficiency ratio increased as the dietary protein content increased except for the T108 diet (44% crude protein). Abalone apparently consume food to satisfy an energy requirement. Caloric expenditure due to metabolism was estimated for abalone fed diets with protein ratios of 62, 85, 100. Energy loss due to respiration did not vary appreciably among abalone fed the different diets. The proportional distribution of dietary energy into fecal, digestible, growth, and metabolic energy was estimated for abalone fed these diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility was among the lowest for abalone fed the 100 P:E diet, but growth of abalone fed this diet was significantly higher than that of each of the other treatments except the 108 diet. Unexplained energy loss to achieve balance ranged from 7% to 28.5%, some of which is probably due to differential mucus and ammonia production. Results suggest a potential for the reduction of both dietary protein and lipid without causing any adverse effects on the growth response.     

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance,fatty acid composition and antioxidant‐related gene expressions in juvenile loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is one of the most important cultured freshwater fish in several East Asian countries. However, a little information is available in its nutritional requirements. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding varying levels of dietary protein and lipid on growth, fatty acid composition and antioxidant‐related gene expressions in juvenile loach. Six practical diets at three levels of protein (30%, 40% and 50%) and two levels of lipid (6% and 12%) were fed to loach juveniles (initial weight 0.40 g) in triplicated groups (20 fish per replicated) for a period of 8 weeks. Results showed that regardless of lipid level, body weight gain of fish was significantly increased with incremental dietary protein level. Meanwhile, feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased by dietary protein levels, and the lowest value was observed in fish fed dietary protein levels of 50%, regardless of dietary lipid level. Moreover, the percentage of 22:6n‐3 in viscera was significantly increased by different protein levels. The expression level of catalase was significantly increased with incremental dietary protein level with both lipid levels. Meanwhile, the expression level of hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) was downregulated with incremental dietary protein level with 6% of lipid level, but the expression was upregulated with incremental dietary protein level with 12% of lipid level. In conclusion, these data suggested that 6% lipid and 50% protein in diet was optimal for loach during early development stage.     

Impacts of diet on hindgut microbiota and short‐chain fatty acids in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Diet is known to influence intestinal microbiota in fish, but the specifics of these impacts are still poorly understood. Different protein/fibre ratio diets may result in differing structures and activities of gut microbiota. We examined the hindgut microbiome of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed three different diets: fish meal (FM, high protein – low fibre), Sudan grass (SG, high fibre – low protein) and compound feed (CF, intermediate). Microbial profiles of fish fed on FM were significantly different from profiles of fish fed CF and SG (F = 18.85, p < .01). Cetobacterium, known to be positively associated with protein digestion, was the dominant microbial group in FM samples (approximately 75.7%), while Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, thought to be involved in fermentation of plant polysaccharides, were dominant in CF and SG samples (46.8% and 42.9% respectively). Network analyses indicated that the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae was in a significantly positive correlation (r = .895, p = .001). Short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels may indicate that the digestibility of diet by microbiota in the grass carp gut decreased from FM to SG (FM>CF>SG). Overall low SCFA levels indicate that hindgut fermentation probably provides a low proportion of energy requirements in grass carp.     

C/N ratio control and substrate addition for periphyton development jointly enhance freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii production in ponds

The present research investigated the effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) control in ponds with or without substrate addition for periphyton development on production of giant freshwater prawn. C/N ratios of 10, 15 and 20 were investigated in 40 m^− 2 ponds stocked with 2 prawn juveniles (5.023 ± 0.02 g) m^− 2 with or without added substrates for periphyton development. The various treatment combinations of C/N ratio and periphyton substrate addition are abbreviated as ‘CN10’, ‘CN15’, ‘CN20’, ‘CN10 + P’, ‘CN15 + P’ and ‘CN20 + P’, P representing periphyton substrate. A locally formulated and prepared feed containing 30% crude protein with C/N ratio10 was applied. Tapioca starch was used as carbohydrate source for manipulating C/N ratio and applied to the water column separately from the feed. Increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 reduced (P < 0.001) the total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), nitrite–nitrogen (NO₂–N) and nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) in water column and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) in sediment. The addition of substrates only influenced the NO₂–N concentration in the water column (P < 0.001). Increasing the C/N ratio raised the total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) population in the water column, sediment and periphyton (P < 0.001). It also increased the dry matter (DM), ash free dry matter (AFDM), and chlorophyll a content of periphyton (P < 0.001). The lowest specific growth rate (SGR), the highest food conversion ratio (FCR), and the lowest protein efficiency ratio (PER) were recorded in treatment CN10 (P < 0.05). The addition of substrates did not influence size at harvest (P > 0.05) but improved the survival from 62.8 to 72% (P < 0.001). Increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 increased the net yield by 40% and addition of substrate increased the net yield by 23%. The combination of C/N ratio control and substrate addition increased the net yield by 75% from 309 (CN10) to 540 (CN20 + P) kg ha^− 1 (120 days)^− 1. This 75% higher production concurred with (1) a lower inorganic nitrogen content in the water column, (2) a higher THB abundance supplying additional single cell protein to augment the prawn production, and (3) an improved periphyton productivity and quality.     

流域特征及景观格局对泥沙输移比的影响研究综述

泥沙输移比是目前预测流域产沙量的一种较实用的方法,它的确定受到很多因素的影响,其中流域特征和流域的景观格局是影响泥沙输移比的重要因子。从流域特征和景观格局两大方面对泥沙输移比研究进行综述,以期为我国开展土壤侵蚀及泥沙输移研究提供参考。     

新疆阿拉尔灌区土壤次生盐碱化防治及其相关问题研究

土壤次生盐渍化是制约阿拉尔灌区农业生产发展的关键因子。在阐述产生土壤次生盐碱化的背景条件的基础上,作者以田间水盐平衡模型为依据较深入分析了灌区土壤盐分动态、盐碱化趋势及其效应问题;其次,根据区域水盐平衡理论估算区域尺度上的灌排比并探讨了排水的出路问题;最后,在综合分析的基础上,提出了基于可持续灌溉农业和遏制灌区农业副效应目标下的对策与建议。     

麦蛾茧蜂性比与寄主的关系

以印度谷螟幼虫为寄主测定麦蛾茧蜂的性比得知,茧蜂在大寄主上产卵多,子代雄性比低。母蜂能根据寄主大小主动控制产卵的性别。     

板蓝根中靛蓝和靛玉红的提取及其质量分数的测定

采用直接比色法测定板蓝根中靛蓝、靛玉红的质量分数。对靛蓝、靛玉红在240～700nm波段进行扫描，确定其最大吸收波长分别为601和531nm。分别通过单因素试验和正交试验，确定提取靛蓝、靛玉红的最佳工艺参数。结果表明，乙醇体积分数为75％时，靛蓝和靛玉红的提取物得率最高；提取时间为4h时，靛蓝和靛玉红的提取物得率最高。正交试验确定的最佳提取工艺参数为：药材粒度40目，提取时间4h，乙醇体积分数75％，此时，提取物得率达1．74%。     

温度对紫黑翼蚌耗氧率和排氨率及其昼夜变化的影响

采用静水呼吸法测定了在3个不同温度条件下紫黑翼蚌耗氧率及排氨率的变化,比较了雌雄蚌的呼吸代谢差异,并研究了其昼夜变化规律。结果表明:在17~27℃条件下,紫黑翼蚌的耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的升高而升高;雄蚌耗氧率高于雌蚌,但无显著性差异;而雄蚌排氨率低于雌蚌,且在22℃、27℃条件下排氨率差异显著(P=0.014,P0.01);在27℃条件下,雄蚌的氧氮比显著高于雌蚌(P=0.019),这可能与紫黑翼蚌雌雄生理差异有关;22℃时,紫黑翼蚌耗氧率和排氨率均存在明显的昼夜节律,夜间显著高于白天,雌雄蚌的呼吸代谢高峰均出现在凌晨1:00~3:00,除雄蚌的排氨率低谷出现在9:00~11:00,其他低谷均出现15:00~17:00。在22℃条件下,雄蚌一昼夜平均耗氧率高于雌蚌,而平均排氨率低于雌蚌,但均无显著性差异(P0.05)。本结果初步揭示了温度对雌雄紫黑翼蚌呼吸代谢的影响及昼夜变化规律,为提高其人工驯养成活率、池塘合理放养及雌雄生长差异研究提供理论参考。     

调亏灌溉下滴灌玉米根冠生长与水分动态响应特征

以玉米为试验材料,在自动感应式遮雨棚下,采用测坑微区试验方法,研究黑龙江西部滴灌条件下调亏灌溉对作物根冠生长、干物质分配特征、根冠比、耗水特征及植株伤流量的影响。以土壤相对含水率(占田间持水率的百分数)为控制上下限,设置5个水分调亏处理,分别为苗期轻度(60%~70%FC)处理,苗期中度(50%~60%FC)处理,拔节期轻度(60%~70%FC)处理,拔节期中度(50%~60%FC)处理,苗期中度、拔节期轻度处理,另设全生育期保持适宜土壤水分(70%~80%FC)作为对照。试验结果表明,调亏灌溉不改变玉米根部和冠部生长的原有总趋势,也不改变冠部各器官生长的基本趋势,但是显著地增大了作物根冠比(R/S),复水后根、冠补偿生长效应明显,促进光合同化产物向生殖器官的运转与分配,增大了生育后期干物质向果穗的分配率。苗期中度处理和拔节期轻度处理的玉米,在调亏期间使根系维持较高的根质量,水分胁迫复水后根系活力明显提高,其伤流量表现出超补偿效应,在灌浆期仍保持较高的伤流量并且在生育后期仍保持有较高的根冠比(R/S),是协调玉米根冠生长关系的适宜水分调亏处理。