典型旱年农业干旱遥感监测指标在东北地区生长季的表现

以8d为时间尺度,以土壤相对湿度（RSM）为参考指标,采用相关分析方法,分析评估典型旱年2009年作物生长季内分别表征降水、土壤和作物的3个类别10种农业干旱遥感监测指数在东北地区的适用性。结果表明：（1）生长季中、后期,综合考虑冠层温度和植被特征的温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）与RSM的相关系数绝对值在0.5左右,对土壤湿度变化较敏感,可用于该生长阶段的农业干旱监测;（2）考虑作物前期缺水的累积作物缺水指数（ACWSI）是与RSM相关性较好的指数之一,在生长季前期和后期与RSM的相关系数绝对值在0.47以上,表现良好,但应用过程中需注意累积效应的时间尺度;（3）表观热惯量（ATI）更适于生长季前期干旱监测,改进型能量指数（MEI）适用于各种植被覆盖条件,但存在一定不稳定性;（4）考虑前期累积降水的APCI指数比仅考虑8d降水的条件降水指数PCI更能反映土壤湿度状况,特别是在生长季中、后期,可作为其它监测指数的补充;（5）条件植被指数（VCI）、归一化差异水分指数（NDWI）与RSM相关性较低,对现时土壤湿度的反映不敏感,不适于研究区内短时间尺度的农业干旱监测。研究结果可为东北地区开展农业干旱监测选取合适指标提供参考,也可为农业干旱指数的广泛应用构建可行性框架。     

覆膜滴灌条件下棉花根层土壤盐分时间稳定性研究

为揭示膜下滴灌棉田主根区土壤盐分的时间变异特性,基于2013—2014年田间实测数据,采用变异系数、平均相对偏差和标准差等方法研究了不同土层土壤盐分的时间稳定性,并进一步确定了可以反映各土层土壤平均含盐量的代表性测点。结果表明,研究区域0~40 cm土层土壤盐分随时间序列的变异性只有少数几个测点属于强变异,其余均属于中等变异;在棉花主根层(40 cm)内,土壤盐分的时间稳定性随土层深度增加呈现先增强后略微减弱趋势,在30 cm土层深度稳定性最强,平均相对偏差浮动范围最小、且其平均标准差最小;反映各土层平均含盐量的代表测点分布较为集中,可选取代表地块对区域土壤含盐量进行估算(决定系数R2为0.791 2~0.917 1)。棉田主根层土壤盐分时间稳定性研究有利于指导田间灌溉;选取少量且具有代表性的测点可为区域合理布设土壤盐分监测点提供理论依据。     

The under-recognized dominance of Verrucomicrobia in soil bacterial communities

Verrucomicrobia are ubiquitous in soil, but members of this bacterial phylum are thought to be present at low frequency in soil, with few studies focusing specifically on verrucomicrobial abundance, diversity, and distribution. Here we used barcoded pyrosequencing to analyze verrucomicrobial communities in surface soils collected across a range of biomes in Antarctica, Europe, and the Americas (112 samples), as well as soils collected from pits dug in a montane coniferous forest (69 samples). Data collected from surface horizons indicate that Verrucomicrobia average 23% of bacterial sequences, making them far more abundant than had been estimated. We show that this underestimation is likely due to primer bias, as many of the commonly used PCR primers appear to exclude verrucomicrobial 16S rRNA genes during amplification. Verrucomicrobia were detected in 180 out of 181 soils examined, with members of the class Spartobacteria dominating verrucomicrobial communities in nearly all biomes and soil depths. The relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia was highest in grasslands and in subsurface soil horizons, where they were often the dominant bacterial phylum. Although their ecology remains poorly understood, Verrucomicrobia appear to be dominant in many soil bacterial communities across the globe, making additional research on their ecology clearly necessary.     

空气相对湿度对野生葡萄的生理影响研究

试验研究气温30℃、不同空气相对湿度(60%、70%、80%、90%、100%)条件下“华东葡萄”和“里扎马特”野生葡萄叶片水势、气孔开度、蒸腾速率、电导率、脯氨酸与丙二醛含量及过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性变化结果表明,随湿度的增加,“华东葡萄”和“里扎马特”叶片水势增加,而电导率、蒸腾速率、丙二醛含量和过氧化物酶活性下降,脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性则先降后升。“里扎马特”在相对湿度为70%~80%、“华东葡萄”在相对湿度为80%~90%时脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性值均最低,可初步认定其是二者最适生长湿度。     

不同种植密度下的棉田小气候特点

为研究种植密度对田间小气候的影响,2008年在南疆阿克苏试验点,通过大田试验对不同种植密度下(9.0、13.5、18、22.5、27.0万株/hm2)棉田群体冠层不同层次的温度、空气相对湿度、土壤水分等要素进行了测定。结果表明:在所设置的密度范围内,棉花的株高在55～75cm,并且随密度增加株高降低;而茎粗、株宽、叶宽、果枝数等也有类似趋势。花期和吐絮期,棉花宽窄行的冠层空气温度均较高,最高均超过了31℃,并随当日时间先升后降,窄行温度高于宽行,冠层40cm处高于20cm处。相对湿度符合开口向上抛物线模型,花期较高且变化较小,中午时段最低只有40%,比见絮期高10个百分点以上;各处理以中间密度的相对湿度最为稳定,变化最小。土壤水分方面,密度小的处理地表蒸发严重,密度大的叶片蒸腾较多,因此,密度适中的处理土壤水分保持较好,变化范围较小。土壤15cm处地温,前期密度大的处理地温较高,中期受叶片遮荫影响而下降,但后期高密度处理温度又会升高,不过处理间差异不大,最高相差不过1℃。     

Soil Quality Assessment under Restorative Soil Management Practices in Soybean (Glycine Max) after Six Years in Semi-Arid Tropical Black Lands of Central India

Vertisol soils of central India are heavy in texture, with high clay content and low organic matter. These soils are prone to degradation and the soil loss is due to poor management practices including excessive tillage. Based on a long-term study conducted for improving the quality of these soils, it was found that management practice such as low tillage (LT) + 4 t ha^?1 compost + herbicide (Hb) recorded significantly higher organic carbon (OC) (6.22 g kg^?1) and available N (188.5 kg ha^?1) compared to conventional tillage (CT) + recommended fertilizer (RF) + off-season tillage (OT) + hand weeding (HW) (OC: 4.71 g kg^?1, available nitrogen (N) (159.3 kg ha^?1). Among the physical soil quality parameters, mean weight diameter (MWD) was significantly higher under LT + 4 t ha^?1 straw + Hb (0.59 mm). The practice of LT + 4 t ha^?1 straw + HW recorded significantly higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) (388.8 μg g^?1). The order of key indicators and their contribution towards soil quality was as follows: OC (29%) >, MBC (27%) > available zinc (Zn) (22%) > MWD (9%) > available boron (B) (8%), > dehydrogenase activity (DHA) (5%). The order of the best treatment which maintained soil quality index (SQI) values reasonably good (>1.5) was as follows: LT + 4t ha^?1 compost + HW (1.65) > LT + 4 t ha^?1 compost +Hb (1.60) > LT + 4t ha^?1 straw + HW (1.50). Hence, these treatments could be recommended to the farmers for maintaining higher soil quality in Vertisols under soybean system. Correlation studies revealed stronger relationship between key indicators like OC (R² = 0.627), MBC (R² = 0.884), available Zn (R² = 0.739) and DHA (R² = 0.604) with Relative Soil Quality Index (RSQI). The results of the present study would be highly useful to the researchers, farmers and land managers.     

小麦品种混播条件下条锈病发生、扩展研究

在田间分别设计6个小麦品种单播及其9个组合混播小区,研究条锈病在小麦混播群体中的发生、扩展情况及品种混播对条锈病的控制效果。结果表明,苗期品种混播小区发病中心的数量明显减少,条锈病发病中心越冬率达77.78%,单片病叶也可越冬。品种混播降低了条锈病传播距离,条锈病在各小区呈中心式分布。品种混播在孕穗期的相对防效为16.25%～58.89%,平均为35.31%。相对防效以"陕138"和"西农979"品种混播及"陕138"、"小偃22"和"西农889"品种混播最高,分别达58.89%和52.19%。品种混播对小麦条锈病有较好的控制效果,可作为生态防病措施之一。     

和田绿洲气温与相对湿度的GM(1,1)预测模型

利用1954—2002年的观测资料对和田地区影响蒸发能力的主要因素——平均气温与相对湿度建立了GM（1，1）模型。得到了比较满意的预测结果，对研究该地区蒸发能力的变化和中长期预测预报具有一定参考价值。     

玉米抗旱性鉴定指标的研究

研究指出抗旱系数及脯氨酸含量、叶水势、丙二醛含量、相对电导率、蒸腾速率、叶面积和叶形态变化等指标均可作为玉米抗旱性鉴定指标的良好参数 ,并以抗旱系数为主要参数计算了各生理生化指标的相关系数 ,用以衡量这些指标在玉米抗旱性鉴定及综合评价的重要性。     

Use of nutrient: phosphorus ratios to evaluate the effects of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on nutrient uptake in unsterilized soils

Summary Red clover was grown in soil previously treated with P at various rates, and growth, nutrient uptake, nutrient uptake in relation to phosphorus values, and levels of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection were determined. The soil was a silty clay loam and Glomus lacteum was the only fungus colonizing the plant roots. An examination of the effects of various rates of P application and of VAM colonization on nutrient (P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Zn) uptake showed that the Mg : P ratio significantly increased and the Mn : P ratio significantly decreased with increasing VAM infection. It is concluded that in the Trifolium pratense-Glomus lacteum symbiosis, mycorrhizae improve Mg uptake and depress Mn uptake.