Uneven ripening in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) berries in India is linked to seed viability

Uneven ripening (UR) is a physiological disorder of unknown origin in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) leading to wine of inferior quality. A preliminary study found wide variations in total dehydrogenase activity (TDH) of seeds from unevenly ripe berries. In our experiments, gibberellin (GA₃) applied to young grapes increased seed TDH activity and reduced the incidence of uneven ripening to 2% compared with 35% in the control. In contrast, paclobutrazol (PBZ) decreased TDH activity and increased the incidence of the disorder to 58%. GA₃-treated berries had higher concentrations of sucrose and TDH activity in seed representing mature seeds with high viability. In contrast, PBZ-treated and control berries had higher concentrations of glucose and lower TDH activity, indicating immature seeds with low viability. These results suggested that competition among developing berries can lead to differences in seed gibberellin content, seed viability and the rate of berry growth resulting in green, purple, and black berries at harvest. The study established the role of seed viability in uneven ripening and demonstrated that the incidence of the disorder is reduced by the application of GA₃ to immature berries.     

Inhibition study of red rice polyphenols on pancreatic α-amylase activity by kinetic analysis and molecular docking

This study sought to investigate the possible inhibition mechanism of red rice polyphenols (RRP) on pancreatic α-amylase (PA) activity. RRP showed strong inhibition against PA activity and the half-inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value was 3.61 μg/mL. The fluorescence quenching of PA by RRP was a combination of static quenching and dynamic quenching. RRP could aggregate with PA and the physiochemical properties of the aggregates were closely related to the concentration of RRP. Kinetic analysis suggested that the inhibition mode of RRP on PA was reversible inhibition, which was a mixing of competitive inhibition and noncompetitive inhibition. Molecular docking speculated that RRP could form hydrogen bonds with PA by binding to the catalytic active sites (ASP197, GLU233 and ASP300) and the microenvironments of TRP58 and TRP59 were altered, thus inhibiting PA activity.     

A new lean no time test baking method with improved discriminating power

In response to customer concerns related to gluten strength in commercial baking, the Canadian Grain Commission assessed whether the Canadian Short Process (CSP) test bake method was generating useful data related to intrinsic strength of wheat varieties. Assessment of CSP loaf volume data for Canadian variety trials spanning 2003 to 2013 showed very little correlation with dough strength parameters as measured by farinograph and extensigraph. A lean no time (LNT) test baking method was developed that can better discriminate genotypes and provide objective indicators of the effect of intrinsic dough strength on baking quality. From early method development, through method validation and verification using diverse sets of samples targeting different Canadian wheat classes and grown in three different crop years, results showed the LNT method to be more discriminating and easily adopted by other laboratories. In 2015, the LNT method was adopted as the method of choice in future Canadian variety registration trials. The LNT method is fast, simple and well-suited to high throughput test baking conditions encountered in the evaluation of large numbers of breeder lines. A new objective parameter, loaf top ratio, was also introduced and found to correlate well with dough strength and dough handling properties.     

CFRP加固冷弯薄壁C型钢长构件的轴压承载力

为了研究CFRP加固冷弯薄壁C型钢长构件的承载能力,对腹板和翼缘均粘贴CFRP的试件进行了轴心受压加载试验。7根长度均为1 400 mm的试件,其中1根为未加固的控制试件,其余6根封闭缠绕外贴50 mm宽CFRP间距为50、100、150 mm 3种情况,层数为1层和2层。试验结果表明,在轴心荷载作用下的破坏模式为整体弯扭失稳,与控制试件相比,加固后试件的稳定极限承载力均有不同程度的提高;当CFRP间距与腹板高度的比值小于1时,加固效果较理想,且2层CFRP的加固效果好于1层。最后,采用有限元对模型进行数值模拟,对比试验数据和数值模拟结果,二者吻合较好。     

无核白葡萄多酚氧化酶基因的克隆与序列分析

为获得无核白葡萄中多酚氧化酶(PPO)的基因序列,以无核白葡萄果实为试材,进行基因同源克隆,得到多酚氧化酶基因CDS全长序列,其完整的编码框为1 824 bp,编码607个氨基酸(GenBank登陆号为KP271928);系统进化分析可知,其与葡萄科植物PPO基因同源性最高;生物信息学方法发现该蛋白分子量为67 392.44 Da,等电点为6.42,具典型的酪氨酸家族结构域,无信号肽结构,但有一个跨膜结构域,为亲水性蛋白;二级结构预测发现,PPO具有CuA与CuB两个结合区,分别嵌入蛋白活性腔中。该研究为进一步从分子水平探讨多酚氧化酶与褐变的关系奠定理论基础。     

抓持-旋切式欠驱动双指手葡萄采摘装置设计与试验

针对葡萄的柔性无损采摘要求,基于欠驱动原理和抓持-旋切协同工作方式设计了一种欠驱动双指手葡萄采摘装置,一个电动机通过连杆机构驱动双指四指节手爪从果实中部接近并包络抓取葡萄,复合在双指手上的旋切部件摆动-伸缩带动圆盘刀切断果梗,实现果实与果梗分离。基于此设计思路,首先通过葡萄赤道面直径分析确定了欠驱动手指机构指节尺寸与转角范围,然后通过建立欠驱动手指机构静力学模型,基于传力最优和接触力均布的要求确定了驱动连杆尺寸,结合接触力分析和葡萄挤压破裂试验,获得抓持2 kg葡萄不发生损伤的最大接触力为20 N,再通过手指机构静力学模型求解获得驱动电动机的推力,从而指导驱动电动机的选型。设计了葡萄采摘装置控制系统,通过指节处压力传感器实时反馈接触力实现最大接触力的有效控制。采用加减速梯形控制方式实现了旋切部件运动,圆盘刀转速1 200 r/min可对果梗有效切断。对赤道面直径95~200 mm的葡萄进行50次采摘试验,试验结果表明该装置的采摘成功率为100%,果实挤伤率为5.2%,不考虑视觉定位葡萄与果梗的耗时,完成一次抓持-旋切动作平均耗时29.4 s。     

面向一年两熟设施葡萄的能耗评估系统研究

一年两熟设施葡萄栽培系统的能耗研究具有很强的典型性和现实意义,但传统的能耗分析具有人工计算繁琐、易出错、工作效率低等缺陷。为了解决以上问题,本研究通过分析一年两熟设施葡萄的生产流程和系统特点,建立了其能源投入产出指标,构建了DEA-BCC模型和Malmquist指数法相结合的能源效率评估模型。模型首先基于投入主导型的DEA-BCC模型测算出一年两熟设施葡萄园的技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率这3个关键能源效率参数;然后,通过引入Malmquist函数,将生产效率变动分解为技术效率变动指数、技术进步指数和规模效率变动指数,探索能源效率增长的动力,以此对设施葡萄能源效率进行全面评估。最后基于JavaEE平台下的MVC模式的B/S结构,结合Matlab Builder JA功能开发了面向一年两熟设施葡萄的能源消耗评估系统。应用测试表明,系统各功能正常运行,显著提高了能耗研究的计算效率和准确性,为一年两熟栽培模式能耗问题研究提供了可靠的数据处理支撑。     

葡萄霜霉病菌侵染抗病和感病品种过程的组织学观察

用苯胺蓝染色结合扫描电镜的方法,观察葡萄霜霉病菌(Plasmopara viticola)在葡萄感病品种‘红提’和抗病品种‘北玫’中的侵染过程,发现两品种从接菌到显症的过程基本一致,但孢子囊伸出气孔的时间、伸出孢囊梗气孔比例、孢囊梗数量及孢囊梗分支,‘红提’比‘北玫’多;菌丝在‘北玫’上生长速度慢,后期生长量也较少。‘红提’的潜育期为4 d,而‘北玫’的为5 d,‘红提’和‘北玫’的长菌丝、分支的长菌丝、疏松菌丝体出现的时间也不同。菌丝生长一段时间后,在‘北玫’上停留在疏松菌丝体阶段,而‘红提’96 h时叶片组织内长满致密的菌丝体。两品种在初生菌丝和长菌丝阶段产生吸器的频率差异显著。     

葡萄‘小白玫瑰’及其突变品种‘小红玫瑰’果皮颜色变异机理分析

‘小红玫瑰’葡萄是源自于‘小白玫瑰’的突变品种,二者都是优良的酿酒葡萄品种,但其果实颜色变异的分子机理尚不清楚。用12对SSR(Simple sequence repeats)荧光标记特征引物对两品种进行分析,结果表明这些位点在二者之间无差别。对色泽变异决定基因Vvmyb A1的基因型进行分析,‘小白玫瑰’仅检测到含有插入逆转座子Gret1(grapevine retrotransposon 1)的VvmybA1a,说明其为VvmybA1a/VvmybA1a纯合体;而‘小红玫瑰’检测到了Vvmyb A1a和残留Gret1 3′-LTR(long terminal repeat)的VvmybA1b,说明其为VvmybA1a/VvmybA1b的杂合体。花色苷合成相关基因的表达分析表明,VvmybA1、UFGT、F3′5′H、CHS、GST和OMT在‘小红玫瑰’及有色对照品种‘黑比诺’中大量表达,而在‘小白玫瑰’和无色对照品种‘白比诺’中几乎不表达。通过HPLC–ESI–MS/MS对花色苷主要成分进行测定,结果表明矢车菊素3–O–葡萄糖苷(CyG)、矢车菊素3,5–O–双葡萄糖苷(Cy2G)、飞燕草素3–O–葡萄糖苷(DpG)、锦葵色素3–O–葡萄糖苷(MvG)、芍药色素3–O–葡萄糖苷(PnG)和矮牵牛色素3–O–葡萄糖苷(PtG)等6种花色苷在有色品种‘小红玫瑰’和‘黑比诺’果皮中的含量均显著高于无色品种,花葵素3–O–葡萄糖苷(Pg G)、花葵素3,5–O–双葡萄糖苷(Pg2G)在有色/无色品种间无显著差异,且含量很低。说明‘小红玫瑰’的着色是由于转录因子基因Vvmyb A1及其调控结构基因的表达引起的,而无功能的VvmybA1a等位基因突变为有功能的VvmybA1b等位基因是其果皮颜色变异的遗传学原因。     

葡萄炭疽病菌鉴定及同源性分析

为揭示葡萄炭疽病菌种类和遗传特征,给深入研究该病提供科学理论依据。本研究对不同地区的26株葡萄炭疽病菌通过形态学和r DNA-ITS序列分析进行鉴定及同源性研究。利用真菌通用引物ITS4、ITS5对病菌基因组进行PCR扩增,将测序结果与NCBI数据库上已知序列进行比对,同时利用Clustalx 1.83和MEGA 5.0软件进行聚类分析。结果表明:病菌菌落为白色或灰白色,菌丝呈绒状或絮状,分生孢子为圆柱形或圆筒状,单孢,无色;测得病菌ITS序列为500 bp左右,鉴定病原均为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)。不同地区葡萄炭疽菌的r DNA-ITS序列同源性高,亲缘关系比较近,但是各菌株间存在着遗传差异,并且菌株之间差异与地理来源和品种无明显的相关性。