客土改良技术及其在砷污染土壤修复中的应用展望

砷是一种毒性很强且对人体健康威胁很大的金属元素,土壤砷污染与修复长期以来受到各国政府和科学家的广泛关注。客土改良技术是污染土壤修复中较常用和有效的方法之一,近年来逐渐受到关注。本文在简述土壤中砷来源及其危害的基础上,重点对近年来该技术在土壤改良及污染土壤修复中的应用进行了系统整理,并以此为基础,比较了砷污染土壤的物理、化学及生物修复的效果。结合我国部分地区耕地砷污染较严重的现状,认为客土改良技术见效快、改良较彻底、且具有较高的实用性。同时,论文还对客土技术在砷污染土壤修复中的研究重点及应用前景等进行了展望。     

Lakeshore diversity and rarity relationships along interacting disturbance gradients: catchment area, wave action and depth

Diversity patterns of riparian plant communities have been associated with disturbance. Populations of a diversity of Atlantic Coastal Plain plants occur as disjuncts on shores of large catchment area lakes in Nova Scotia. These lakeshore communities contain rare plants with local, national and global rankings. The populations of rare plants are dynamic and their management requires an understanding of the relationship between disturbance and the survival of rare plants. This present study measured (overwinter wooden dowel removal) and observed disturbance along gradients of catchment area (CA), exposure and depth. In three separate experiments ranging from the landscape to the lake, to the single shoreline level, disturbance was linked to lake CA, exposure and depth, respectively. At all scales, disturbance was positively associated with the presence of rare species. The pattern of rare species richness over the river system was complex; at the within-lake level, the frequency of rare species per site was greatest in the intermediate CA lake while the pool of rare species was greatest in the largest CA lake. The findings focus field efforts on wide, exposed shorelines of large CA lakes where new rare plants continue to be discovered. In addition, the discrepancy between highest frequency of rare plants on intermediate CA lakes and highest species pools of rarities on large CA lakes, reinforces the need for larger protected area systems for the most naturally disturbed ecosystems which often support populations having a high turnover rate but a low site to site frequency.     

我国南方红壤丘陵区农机农艺配套融合的问题及对策建议

对南方红壤丘陵山区农业生产现状进行分析,探究南方红壤丘陵区在发展农机农艺配套过程中存在的制约因素,并提出了相应的对策建议。在南方红壤丘陵区特殊自然条件下,科学适度发展和推广农机农艺配套融合工作,可以着重从保证技术供给、促进标准化生产发展,扩大经营规模、加大科研投入力度,推进体制创新、提高农机农艺融合效率3个方面着手,从而为保证国家粮食安全做出更大的贡献。     

花生钙硼适宜量组合的研究

１９９２—１９９３年在由花岗片麻岩发育的黄棕壤上，分别采用饱和Ｄ－最优设计与裂区试验设计两种方法作田间试验，研究了不同量的钙硼组合与花生产量的关系及对生长发育的影响，并运用数理分析方法，获得了亩施石灰１１０－１２０公斤，硼砂０．７公斤钙硼组合的适宜量．     

新型内嵌式地线融冰电流计算

针对湖南电网研发的新型内嵌式地线地线新型直流融冰技术,提出地线直流融冰的所涉及的两个重要的参数（临界融冰电流和最大融冰电流）概念和计算方法。基于有限元法,以GJ-70电线为模型,建立3D热-电耦合仿真模型,仿真得出不同气候、温度条件下的临界融冰电流,以及地线正常运行所允许的最大电流,与试验人员得出的实验数据进行对比,进一步验证这种融冰技术的优越性,并为运行人员有效的融冰电流范围提供了参考依据。     

基于MAPINFO电子地图制作方法研究

研究利用MapInfo商用GIS软作制作电子地图的方法,分析在制作过程中的关键技术问题,给出一个长沙市电子地图实例。     

黄土区土质道路人工降雨及放水试验条件下产流产沙特征

为了研究土质路面草本植被降低水土流失的作用,采用室内人工降雨及放水试验的方法比较了裸露路和植物路的产流产沙过程及径流水动力学特征,结果表明：相对于裸露路,不同覆盖度植物路总径流量降低幅度为3.94%～ 25.10%,总泥沙量降低幅度为9.65%～45.69%;在大致相同放水量条件下,植物路的土壤侵蚀速率、径流流速和过水断面单位能量均低于裸露路;植物路的Darcy-weisbach阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数分别是裸露路的2.62～9.00倍和1.74～ 3.53倍;植物路通过降低径流流速、减小过水断面单位能量和增大路面粗糙度及径流阻力起到减轻道路侵蚀的作用。该文为广大土质山坡道路侵蚀防治和植物路铺设提供理论支持。     

粤北某离子吸附型稀土矿地下水丰枯水期变化及污染评价

[目的]探究离子型稀土矿区地下水的污染状况及其在时空尺度下的变化特点,为区域地下水污染防控及居民健康生活的保障工作提供科学依据。[方法]以粤北某离子吸附型稀土矿及其周边为研究区,分别在丰、枯水期采集该区域地下水样品各10组,在检测水样6种常规指标和7种重金属指标的基础上,运用多元统计的方法和修正内梅罗综合污染指数法对地下水的污染现状进行分析与评价。[结果]地下水超标组分包括硫酸盐(10%)、硝酸盐氮(30%)、氨氮(35%)、氟化物(40%)、硫化物(40%)、Mn(55.5%)、Pb(20%)和Cd(10%),其中氨氮和Mn污染程度明显更严重,超标组分中仅硫化物和氟化物浓度具有明显的时期特征,均表现为：丰水期>枯水期。地下水受污染极不均匀且整体污染程度非常严重,丰水期地下水水质较枯水期更差,污染在样点DXS₀₄,DXS₀₆和DXS₀₇所在位置有较大程度的集中。[结论]各污染指标均与稀土矿使用的化学药剂存在运移转换关系,研究区地下水受稀土矿开采影响已不宜作为生活饮用水源。     

Contents and bioavailability of rare earth elements in agricultural soils in Hesse (Germany)

With increasing agricultural and industrial use of rare earth elements (REEs), input of REEs into the pedosphere has risen in parallel. Since total REE budgets for soils in Germany are mainly unknown, this pilot study investigates the concentrations of REEs in three loess soil profiles under agricultural land use in the Wetterau region, Germany. There were no significant REE applications in the past, so the presented data can be considered as background concentrations of REEs in soils. In addition to the total REE contents (aqua regia digestion), potentially plant‐available (EDTA) and at actual conditions available, mobile (NH₄NO₃) REEs have been determined for each horizon. Interactions between REE availability and properties of soils are explained after assessing several chemical and physical properties. The results reveal a wide range of total REE contents, ranging from 222 to 423 mg kg^–1. With 10.1% of total REE amounts, the potentially plant‐available proportions of REEs are generally low. In contrast, yttrium, which showed high available proportion of 24.8%, was found to be comparable with Cd. Cerium is the most abundant REE in aqua regia digests, whereas only small amounts in the potentially plant‐available fraction were found. Thus negative cerium anomalies could be concluded concerning its potential availability. Generally, bioavailability of REE had significant correlations between clay contents and Fe and Mn oxides for the majority of REEs. Due to moderately high pH (CaCl₂) in soils (average 6.6) the mobile fraction for most of the elements was not detectible.     

Genetic differences between autochthonous and breeding populations of common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Greece

Individuals were selected for resistance against the imperfect fungus Seiridium cardinale Wag in six common cypress populations (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Greece. A total of 109 resistant clones and 140 trees from their base populations were surveyed at several allozyme loci. The comparison yielded information on changes in genetic variation due to artificial selection. The genetic structure of the breeding populations was similar to their base populations. Nevertheless, the number of rare alleles among the resistant clones had decreased, showing a similar trend at most loci and for most comparisons. Possible implications for breeding strategies are discussed.