A free-choice intake of mineral blocks in beef cows during the grazing season and in winter

A herd of 25 beef cows were offered four types of mineral blocks (A, B, C, D) with a different Ca to P ratio (A 0.6:1, B 0.8:1, C 2:1 and D 3.6:1). The Mg content was identical in all blocks whereas the Na content was equal in B, C and D, while the Na content in A block was double. The mineral block intake was monitored for 1 year, which was broken down to the grazing period (Pa) and the winter period (Wi). The intake of pasture grass and winter forage was assessed and the feed chemical composition was analysed; based on the obtained values, a macroelement balance (for Ca, P, Mg, Na and K) was calculated.The results showed the forage diet met requirements for all the observed macroelements (except in Na). The macroelement intake from forage was considerably higher than from mineral blocks. There were significant seasonal (Pa versus Wi) differences in B and C blocks intake. The consumption of D block was relatively invariable all year round; block A was refused in both seasons though it contained the highest amount of highly deficient Na.It can be concluded that mineral content in forage meets beef cattle requirements for Ca, Mg and K, P content is just satisfactory, and Na content is insufficient. It appears that cows control, to some extent, the Ca to P ratio in their diet by choosing the appropriate type of mineral block. However, the preference or refusal of some types of mineral blocks regardless of the season suggests the influence of other factors affecting mineral block intake which were not the subject of our observation.     

基于地表水目标水质的畜禽粪便水环境承载力估算

针对南方水网地区畜禽养殖业发展受限问题,以浙江省江山港流域为研究对象,实地调研核定流域水污染物来源途径与入河污染负荷量;基于QUAL2K模型,建立地表水水质响应模型,评估江山港流域在达到目标水质时的畜禽粪便水环境承载力;运用情景分析法探究畜禽养殖与地表水水质响应关系。结果表明：1)2020年江山港流域入河负荷量为190.564 t（以氨氮计）,土壤流失、污水处理厂、化肥施用、有机肥施用和水产养殖分别占总负荷的70.0%、14.8%、11.0%、2.8%和1.4%。2）当水质目标设定为达到Ⅰ类和优于Ⅱ类时,江山港流域能承载畜禽最大养殖量分别为133.5万和1 622.1万头猪当量,当前养殖规模未超载。3）江山港流域地表水水质对畜禽养殖量的响应关系弱,畜禽养殖不是流域水环境保护的制约因素。建议江山港流域加强生态沟渠的建设与管理,协同实现畜禽养殖业发展与水环境保护。     

Influence of Rooting Media on Chrysopogon Zizanioides (L.) Roberty

The present study was carried out to find the influence of some organic materials on the optimum biomass production of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty (Vetiver) using soil (S), vermicompost (VC), cow dung (CD) and coir pith (CP) at different ratios. The final day results showed that the ideal combination for the growth of the Vetiver is 1:1:1:1 v/v ratio of VC/CD/CP/S. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen (N)- phosphorus (P)- potassium (K), organic carbon (OC), and carbon (C)/N ratio showed in 1:1:1:1 v/v ratio of (VC/CD/CP/S), on 120th day were 7.3, 0.38 dS m^?1, 1.36%, 0.11%, 8.7%, 20.5% and C/N ratio is 15:1. The root and shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, number of culms, and total chlorophyll content of Chrysopogon zizanioides were 65cm, 197 cm, 312 g, 104.4 g, 36 culms/plant and 40.57 mg/g at 1:1:1:1 v/v ratio of (VC/CD/CP/S) treatment and compared to control sets, the increasing ratio were 6:1, 3:1, 12:1, 12:1, 3:1, 2:1 respectively.     

土壤速效钾养分含量空间插值方法比较研究

土壤养分连续空间分布数据是土壤信息系统工作的基础，土壤养分空间插值的研究因此变得尤为重要。对陕西省周至县北部猕猴桃适生区土壤进行采样，以对猕猴桃生长作用较为密切的土壤速效钾含量为研究对象，用普通克里格（OK）、样条函数（Spline）、趋势面拟合（TSA）、距离权重反比法（IDW）等常用插值方法对采样点进行插值获取土壤速效钾空间分布图，进行交叉验证，结果表明能够反映出结构性影响的克里格插值方法明显优于其它方法，其中又以球形模型为最佳，样条函数、距离权重反比法在采样点密集区也能内插出较好的效果，但其受采样点密度影响较大．在采样点稀疏的地区内插结果较差。     

药品选择及径流水样存放时间对总氮测定的影响

研究了国药集团、优耐德、Fluka的过硫酸钾药品以及水样存放时间对总氮含量测定的影响,结果表明:未经过提纯的3种药品均无法达到试验的要求,使用提纯后的Fluka过硫酸钾药品可达到总氮测定的要求;在-20℃环境下保持4个月径流水样总氮浓度无显著变化.     

广东水产品总产量首次全国第一

缺钾在内陆低盐度盐碱水中经常发生,为探究低盐水体中不同钾缺乏程度对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活、体成分以及鳃和肝胰腺组织结构的影响,实验参照海水离子组成配置盐度为2的低盐度水体,在Na⁺/K⁺ (mg/mg)比值为27、47、67、87、107 (分别记为A、B、C、D、E组)的条件下,对体重为(1.04±0.23) g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾开展了为期60 d的养殖实验。结果显示,E组对虾的存活率为44.64%±20.95%,显著低于A、B、D三组;E组体重为 (4.86±0.66) g,显著低于其他4组;A~D组之间的湿重、增重率、特定生长率差异不显著,但均大于E组且差异显著;在饲料系数上,E组最高并与A、D组差异显著。在体成分上,各组全虾钾含量、灰分含量差异不显著,E组的水分含量高于其他组,并与A、B组差异显著;E组粗蛋白含量最低,且与B组差异显著。E组对虾鳃组织角质层明显受损,红细胞数量减少,空泡增多,肝胰腺B细胞及其内部转运泡体积增大,肝小管结构受损。研究表明,低盐条件下严重缺钾引起了对虾鳃和肝胰腺损伤,降低了对虾的存活率和生长率;水体缺钾在前期即可对对虾的生长产生明显影响,而对存活的影响随养殖时间的增加而增大。实验结果有助于为内陆低盐度盐碱水养殖凡纳滨对虾提供理论依据。

     

Dry matter and primary nutrient accumulation in soybeans as affected by combined Nitrogen levels

Nodulating and non‐nodulating soybeans were grown on a Alfic Udipsamment and a Typic Hapludoll amended with 10 or 100 kg N/ha. Tissue and grain samples were analyzed to determine N₂‐fixation, dry matter, and N, P, and K accumulation. Highest grain yields were associated with the highest levels of N₂‐fixation and N and K accumulation in grain. The largest dry matter production was by nodulating plants grown on a high soil N regime. Nodulating plants accumulated more grain and tissue N, P, and K than non‐nodulating plants. Nitrogen stress increased P concentrations in both grain and tissue and decreased harvest indices.     

长期施肥红壤钾有效性研究

目的探讨不同钾肥水平对盆栽现蕾期海法白三叶(Trifolium repens L.cv.Haifa)光合特性、生物量及根系形态的影响。方法设置0、60、120、180、240和300 kg/hm² (以K₂SO₄计算) 6个施钾水平处理的盆栽试验,测定海法白三叶植株的光合参数及根系形态指标。结果(1)施钾60 kg/hm²可显著提高植株叶片的叶绿素含量(P< 0.05),比对照增加11.56%;施钾肥120 kg/hm²可显著提高植株叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率(P< 0.05),分别比对照增加29.04%、45.03%和77.17%,且可有效降低植株叶片的胞间CO₂浓度(P< 0.05),比对照减少2.24%。(2)施钾120 kg/hm²可明显提高植株的根干重、地上部干重和根冠比(P< 0.05),分别比对照增加25.55%、17.31%和7.25%。(3)施钾60 kg/hm²可显著提高植株的总根长及根系活力(P< 0.05),分别比对照增加13.10%和29.82%;施钾120 kg/hm²可明显提高植株的总根表面积、总根体积和根系可溶性糖含量(P< 0.05),分别比对照增加33.10%、20.00%和31.00%,但施钾对白三叶根系平均直径的影响不显著(P>0.05)。结论在中钾酸性土壤中,种植海法白三叶推荐施钾量为60~120 kg/hm²。     

基于STM32的植株缺素水肥调节系统的设计与试验

设计了基于STM32单片机的水肥调节系统,该系统通过控制不同电磁阀开度实现不同元素水肥配比的调节。以生菜为例研究在其他元素水肥配比正常浓度的情况下,调节控制钾肥浓度的电磁阀开度,使得不同生菜对照组在具有不同钾肥浓度下生长,对比研究不同钾肥浓度与生菜叶片面积和植株高度的关系,从而得到电磁阀开度调整策略,实现水肥配比的精准调节。