中国驴品种资源现状及其分子遗传育种研究进展

驴是中国一个古老畜种,对不良环境适应性强,耐粗饲、抗病力强,一直是役、驮、乘、肉、药多用资源之一。但随着农业机械化、运输业快速发展及人民生活水平提高,近些年来驴品种资源整体面临着种质资源退化、种群数量和质量显著下降等问题。本文针对我国驴品种资源概况、保护利用现状、存在问题及其分子遗传育种研究进展进行综述,以期为驴品种资源的保护及开发利用提供参考。     

《烟草育种学》课程教学改革的实践探索

河南农业大学烟草育种课程组全体教师对《烟草育种学》的教学内容、教学方式和考核形式进行了系列改革。近年来的教学实践表明,这些改革措施充分调动了学生学习的主动性,达到了改善教学质量的效果,为高等农业院校该课程的教学提供一定的参考。     

Grass greenness flush can influence breeding phenology and fertility in equatorial thoroughbred mares in the absence of photoperiod variation

Reproductive phenology is an important trait subjected to natural selection. Current horses in America belong to the Palearctic original populations after being introduced by European colonizers. Photoperiod variation is the main environmental factor for the adjustment of reproductive timing in horses, but is absent in equatorial areas. Here we hypothesize that seasonality of green‐grass availability may influence breeding phenology in equatorial regions. We used data of 929 services to mares from 2006 to 2011 in a thoroughbred equine exploitation in Ecuador that experienced strong grass seasonality. Actual births could not be used to infer natural phenology because they were influenced by management decisions. Instead, we used variations in the probability of pregnancy after a service as a measure of the natural tendency of mares to show breeding phenology. We found that although managers tended to schedule pregnancies in two periods within the year, mares were more prone to become pregnant after the increase in grass greenness that takes place at the beginning of the year (February). Our finding has potential applications to improve the success of services and the welfare of animals, by providing green‐grass stimuli in the appropriate season.     

Sustainable transparent farm animal breeding and reproduction

Farm animal breeders are facing challenges. More and more powerful technologies are at their disposal for creating genetic change. At the same time, society is concerned about the impact of breeding practices and the use to which new technologies are being put. European breeders must compete in a global market. To meet these challenges, European farm animal breeders have conducted three projects to contribute to sustainable and transparent farm animal breeding and reproduction. In “Farm animal breeding and society”, an overview is presented of farm animal breeding in Europe and its technical, ethical, legal and consumer constraints and possibilities. In ‘SEFABAR’, European breeders, scientists and socio-economists have worked towards sustainable breeding and reproduction scenarios. In ‘CODE–EFABAR’, breeders aim to develop, with experts on ethics, communication and certification, and in close contact with NGOs, farmers' organisations and policy makers, a Code of Good Practice for farm animal breeding and reproduction organisations. Along this Code of Good Practice organisations will be able to explain their goals and practices to the public in a transparent way. This paper reviews these projects.     

长爪沙鼠生长与繁殖性能的主要指标测定

目的:探讨在普通级环境下饲养的长爪沙鼠的饲养管理、生长发育及繁殖等情况。方法:观测长爪沙鼠的饲养管理方法,记录0-12周的生长发育情况,统计1～5胎的初生个体重、窝产仔数、窝重和离乳重,测定成年长爪沙鼠主要脏器的重量、脏器重量/体重的比值。结果表明:在普通级环境下饲养的长爪沙鼠初生体重为2.8～3.2g,窝产仔4～9只,3～8周龄体重增长快,5周龄开始雌雄体重有显著性差异(P<0.05)繁殖性能好。     

中国牧草育种研究进展

综述了我国牧草种质资源、生物技术、新品种培育、良种繁育等方面的研究进展,分析了我国牧草育种研究中存在的优异牧草种质资源匮乏、育种方法较为落后、良繁体系不健全等问题,并提出了加强基础研究、完善国家牧草种质资源、牧草遗传育种及良繁体系建设的建议。     

BMY牛的选育进展

总结了经历20多年选育的BMY牛所取得的进展,再通过3～5年的努力将完成BMY牛的培育,届时BMY牛将是一个适应我国南方炎热地区的热带肉牛新品种.     

内蒙古地区暖棚养羊的必要性和太阳能采暖的应用

内蒙古大部分地区的严寒季节长达6~7个月,受寒冷气候条件的影响,散养羊生长缓慢,饲料消耗量增加,掉膘现象严重,产羔率和羔羊成活率也受到严重影响,大大降低了养羊的经济效益。建筑暖棚不仅能提供充足的热能,还可防止羊只掉膘。但是,常用的取暖方式以燃烧木材、煤或羊粪砖为主,存在着污染环境的隐患,并会受资源短缺的限制。太阳能作为一种新能源,是人类可以利用的最丰富的能源,可以就地开发利用,不存在运输问题,是一种洁净的能源,不会造成污染和公害。因此,利用太阳能采暖和暖棚养羊能够推动畜牧业向健康、高效、资源节约的合理方向发展。     

人工围栏内自然生境中华南虎采食行为初步研究

在人工围栏的自然生境中,采用扫描取样法和焦点取样法对梅花山自然保护区＂中国虎园＂内13只华南虎（其中雌虎7只,雄虎6只）的采食行为进行了初步研究。结果表明,华南虎对采食时间、频率等受季节、生理状态、竞争等因素影响;采食行为在人工哺乳和自然哺乳成活的个体之间差异显著。     

奶牛分子育种研究进展

本文概述了奶牛分子育种的研究进展,介绍了开展分子育种的必要性,分子育种研究的内容与特点、成就与现状、问题和展望.重点汇总了DNA分子多态及其与生产性状关系研究的成就,包括奶牛的泌乳性状、繁殖性状、抗病性方面候选功能基因的研究,生产性能的微卫星标记等方面.指出了奶牛分子育种研究存在的问题,据此提出了今后加快奶牛分子育种研究的思路、措施和应用前景.