60个玉米自交系的SSR标记分析

利用SSR标记研究了60个山西省主要玉米(Zea maysL.)自交系的遗传变异。用23对扩增带型稳定的引物,从供试自交系中检测出91个等位基因变异,每对引物检测出等位基因2~7个,平均为3.96个,平均多态性信息含量为0.600。UPGMA聚类分析将60个自交系划分为唐四平头,旅大红骨,PN,BSSS,Lancaster,Suwan等6个类群,化群结果与其系谱关系和育种家经验基本一致。     

几个新育成粳型光温敏核不育系的配合力分析

用6个粳型光温敏核不育系(5个新育成和1个对照)和6个恢复系组成6×6不完全双列杂交,对11个主要农艺性状进行了配合力分析。结果表明,亲本的一般配合力效应在杂种F1的表现中比特殊配合力效应起着更重要的作用。各不育系单株产量的GCA效应与对照相比没有显著差异。Y27S、117S、118S的每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、着粒密度属Ⅰ、Ⅱ类亲本,有效穗数、播始历期和全生育期属Ⅲ、Ⅳ类亲本,可用作选配早熟高产大穗型组合的亲本;B30S的有效穗数、结实率属Ⅰ类亲本,可用作选配多穗型组合的亲本。各性状的群体配合力方差组成中,单株产量的加性效应占57.72%,非加性效应占42.28%,相差不大,其余性状均以加性效应占主导地位。     

Development and evaluation of pyramiding lines carrying early or late heading QTLs in the indica rice cultivar ‘IR64’

The heading date is an important trait for determining regional and climatic adaptability in rice. To expand the adaptability of the indica rice cultivar ‘IR64’, we pyramided multiple early or late heading quantitative trait locus (QTLs) in the ‘IR64’ genetic background by crossing previously developed near-isogenic lines (NILs) with a single QTL for early or late heading. The effects of pyramiding QTLs were observed in three different climatic zones of the Philippines, Madagascar, and Japan. The early heading pyramiding lines (PYLs) headed 6.2 to 12.8 days earlier than ‘IR64’ while the late heading PYLs headed 18.8 to 27.1 days later than ‘IR64’. The PYLs tended to produce low grain yield compared to ‘IR64’. The low yield was not improved by combining SPIKE, which is a QTL that increases the number of spikelets per panicle. Conversely, ‘IR64-PYL(7+10)’ carrying Hd5 and Hd1 headed earlier, produced more tillers, and more panicles per m² than ‘IR64’, and mitigated the yield decrease in early heading. These results suggest that the effects of pyramided QTLs on heading date were consistent across various environments and PYLs could be used to enhance the adaptation of ‘IR64’ in other rice growing environments.     

不同海拔生态区移栽唐古特大黄株系性状表现

为探究唐古特大黄移栽到不同海拔区域后的性状表现,确定合理的种植海拔,同时对唐古特大黄进行品种选优的初期筛选。选用唐古特大黄10个株系温室育苗移栽到青海5个不同海拔生态区进行适应性研究,利用灰色关联分析法确定10个株系植株的综合表现排名。结果表明,海拔对移栽第1年的株高、叶片数、最大叶叶长、最大叶叶宽、最大叶叶柄长、产生叶裂程度、最大叶叶裂长、最大叶叶裂宽、根茎长、根茎数、根茎粗、根茎鲜质量、根茎鲜质量产量有极显著影响（P＜0.01）,表现为随海拔升高各项指标极显著降低;10个株系中较优株系为L2、L9、L1、L5和L10,其次为L3、L6和L8,而L4和L7表现最差。综上所述,海拔影响栽培唐古特大黄的性状表现,在2 016～3 763 m内,海拔越高,植株性状表现越差;较优株系L1、L2、L5、L9、L10可作为品种选育进一步研究材料。     

Quantitative trait loci mapping for yield-related traits under low and high planting densities in maize (Zea mays)

Average maize yield per hectare has increased significantly because of the improvement in high-density tolerance, but little attention has been paid to the genetic mechanism of grain yield response to high planting density. Here, we used a population of 301 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross YE478 × 08–641 to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 16 yield-related traits under two planting densities (57,000 and 114,000 plants per ha) across four environments. These yield-related traits responded differently to high-density stress. A total of 110 QTLs were observed for these traits: 33 QTLs only under low planting density, 50 QTLs under high planting density and 27 QTLs across both densities. Only two major QTLs, qCD6 and qWKEL2-2, were identified across low- and high-density treatments. Seven environmentally stable QTLs were also observed containing qED6, qWKEL3, qRN3-3, qRN7-2, qRN9-2 and qRN10 across both densities, as well as qRN9-1 under low density. In addition, 16 and eight pairs of loci with epistasis interaction (EPI) were detected under low and high planting densities, respectively. Additionally, nine and 17 loci showed QTL × environment interaction (QEI) under low- and high-density conditions, respectively. These interactions are of lesser importance than the main QTL effects. We also observed 26 pleiotropic QTL clusters, and the hotspot region 3.08 concentrated nine QTLs, suggesting its great importance for maize yield. These findings suggested that multiple minor QTLs, loci with EPI and QEI, pleiotropy and the complex network of “crosstalk” among them for yield-related traits were greatly influenced by plant density, which increases our understanding of the genetic mechanism of yield-related traits for high-density tolerance.     

Novel soil quality indicators for the evaluation of agricultural management practices: a biological perspective

Developments in soil biology and in methods to characterize soil organic carbon can potentially deliver novel soil quality indicators that can help identify management practices able to sustain soil productivity and environmental resilience. This work aimed at synthesizing results regarding the suitability of a range of soil biological and biochemical properties as novel soil quality indicators for agricultural management. The soil properties, selected through a published literature review, comprised different labile organic carbon fractions [hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), hot water extractable carbon and particulate organic matter carbon], soil disease suppressiveness measured using a Pythium-Lepidium bioassay, nematode communities characterized by amplicon sequencing and qPCR, and microbial community level physiological profiling measured with MicroResp^TM. Prior studies tested the sensitivity of each of the novel indicators to tillage and organic matter addition in ten European long-term field experiments (LTEs) and assessed their relationships with pre-existing soil quality indicators of soil functioning. Here, the results of these previous studies are brought together and interpreted relative to each other and to the broader body of literature on soil quality assessment. Reduced tillage increased carbon availability, disease suppressiveness, nematode richness and diversity, the stability and maturity of the food web, and microbial activity and functional diversity. Organic matter addition played a weaker role in enhancing soil quality, possibly due to the range of composition of the organic matter inputs used in the LTEs. POXC was the indicator that discriminated best between soil management practices, followed by nematode indices based on functional characteristics. Structural equation modeling shows that POXC has a central role in nutrient retention/supply, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, erosion control and disease regulation/suppression. The novel indicators proposed here have great potential to improve existing soil quality assessment schemes. Their feasibility of application is discussed and needs for future research are outlined.     

在宽泛的稠度范围内估算面粉标准粉质参数的可行性探索

为在宽泛的稠度范围内检测和估算小麦的粉质参数以服务品质育种,本研究通过构建和应用复合粉质参数,并结合梯度加水、目测加水和误差控制技术,明显降低了加水量对测定结果的影响,成功建立了一系列逻辑算式和回归方程,定量描述了宽泛稠度与标准稠度（500 FU）下检测结果之间的转换关系,实现了标准检测结果的非直接测定。目测加水估计结果与对应标准值的相关性显示,形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数和弱化度的估计标准值与标准值间的相关系数r=0.988～0.995;从不同途径推导出标准加水量预测的三个算式,其预测结果与标准值的相关系数r=0.983～0.995,综合预测效果明显优于单纯粉质仪内置软件的预测值。从而,用小而确定的样品量与一次目测加水测定（推荐稠度440～650 FU）估计标准检测结果,且可据此准确地调整加水量,直接测得达标的粉质参数。另外,借用逻辑算式还可将全部参数的达标值矫正为稠度500 FU时的标准值,使传统的粉质检测结果更加精准、更具可比性。     

干旱胁迫下玉米自交系抗旱性评价及筛选

以39份玉米自交系为材料,2017—2018年在甘肃省张掖市设置田间自然抗旱鉴定试验,筛选抗旱鉴定指标,综合评价玉米自交系的抗旱性。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下,39份玉米自交系的粉丝间隔时间延长了0~3 d,株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粗、穗干重、籽粒干重、出籽率及百粒重均降低,其中,穗干重、籽粒干重和出籽率3个指标分别为正常灌水处理的81.5%、79%和88.5%。穗干重、籽粒干重和出籽率与平均抗旱系数呈显著正相关,可作为玉米自交系抗旱鉴定的主要指标。利用加权抗旱系数法综合评价筛选出强抗旱玉米自交系10份,其中自交系E28、DH351、陇1222、浚92-8和黄早四,抗旱性达到极强。本研究所筛选到的抗旱自交系可在选育抗旱新品种中加强利用。     

天水旱作农业区膜侧小麦不同施肥水平增产效应分析

通过不同施肥条件对膜侧小麦水分利用、农艺性状、增产效应、经济效益等方面分析,研究干旱地区膜侧小麦的施肥问题。结果表明:施肥可以提高水分利用率1.1~3.1 kg/(mm.hm2),促进小麦生长发育;不同施肥水平对小麦的增产效应不同:低肥、中肥、高肥3种施肥水平分别比不施肥的对照增产731.5 kg/hm2,1461.0kg/hm2和1 648.5 kg/hm2,增产率分别为25.5%、50.9%和57.4%;经济效益以中肥水平(折合施纯N118.1kg/hm2,P2O594.5 kg/hm2和K2O 60.0 kg/hm2)最高,产值可达2 045.4元/hm2,产投比为2.7∶1。因此,在低、中、高3个施肥水平中,中等施肥最为有效、合理,有利于增产增收。     

水稻复合农艺性状QTL剖析

为了解水稻复合性状的数量性状基因座(QTL),在利用单片段代换系进行QTL鉴定的基础上,剖析了水稻株高QTL与主茎高和穗长QTL,主茎高与倒一节间长、倒二节间长、倒三节间长和倒四及以下节间长QTL,谷粒长宽比QTL与粒长和粒宽QTL,每穗粒数QTL与一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数QTL的关系。结果表明:鉴定出株高QTL的6个单片段代换系中有4个只检测出了主茎高QTL,其加性效应百分率为86.00%～99.55%,有1个只检测出了穗长QTL,其加性效应百分率为48.31%,有1个同时检测出了主茎高QTL和穗长QTL,其中主茎高QTL的加性效应百分率为81.72%,穗长QTL加性效应百分率为18.28%;在检测出主茎高QTL的7个单片段代换系中,有1个只检测出倒一节间长QTL,有2个只检测出倒二节间长QTL,有2个检测出倒一节间长QTL和倒二节间长QTL,有2个只检测出倒三节间长QTL;不同的单片段代换系中检测出的节间长的QTL加性效应百分率变化范围为-128.62%～172.07%;7个检测出谷粒长宽比QTL的单片段代换系中,有5个只检测出粒长QTL,1个只检测出粒宽QTL,1个同时检测出了粒长QTL和粒宽QTL;检测出每穗粒数QTL的3个单片段代换系中,有2个只检测出二次枝梗数的QTL,有1个同时检测出一次枝梗数QTL和二次枝梗数的QTL。这些结果表明,代换片段中如能检出复合性状QTL,也可以检出其构成性状QTL;复合性状QTL的加性效应的大部分可由其构成性状QTL的综合效应来解析,但相同的复合性状,不同代换片段检出的构成性状QTL不同。