直接施用秸秆增产作用的定位试验研究

1981~2002年进行了直接使用秸秆定位试验。结果表明:秸秆施用量与粮食产量之间呈线性关系(R2**≥0·85);在0~9000kg/hm2秸秆用量范围内,粮食产量随秸秆用量加大而增加,平均增产0·0747kg/(hm2·kg);化肥施用量和粮食产量之间呈二次曲线关系(R2**≥0·99),配施秸秆可以提高施用化肥时的最高粮食产量或者降低达到最高产量时的化肥施用量。     

The Impact of Fertilization Methods on the Nutrient Balance and Changes of Soil Chemical Features in Crop Rotation

The effect of various fertilization methods on the simplified nutrients balance and changes of soil chemical features in crop rotation was estimated on the basis of 7-year (1994-2000) studies carried out on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. Different fertilization methods were used: A - mineral fertilization; B - mineral and manure fertilization; C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization; D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparation fertilization. Particular fertilization methods caused a significant differentiation of the nutrients balance. A positive phosphorus balance was found out in all the fertilization systems. It has been observed that the nitrogen and potassium carry-in with fertilizers was higher than the carry-out with crops in system B and C. A favorable calcium balance was achieved in systems C and D while a favorable magnesium balance - only in the ecologically fertilized systems (D). The changes of soil chemical features were only insignificantly dependent on the nutrient balance. After seven years of research, the contents of humus, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium increased while the soil reaction decreased in the soil of all the fertilized systems except the ecologically fertilized system.     

不同基因型油菜锌效率机理Ⅰ ——耐低锌油菜基因型苗期筛选指标研究

采用营养液培养试验比较了低锌营养下芥菜、白菜、甘蓝型3个油菜(Brassica napus L.)品种幼苗的生物量，抗氧化酶活性，根系活力，叶绿素含量及对锌的吸收、利用差异。试验结果表明，3个油菜品种由于基因型不同，在耐低锌营养能力方面存在显著性差异。在低锌时(10-6mol/L Zn2+)，幼苗植株地上部干重以芥菜型>甘蓝型>白菜型，地上部干重分别较无锌对照处理增加17.8%(芥菜型)、9.9%(白菜型)、3.3%(甘蓝型)。芥菜型叶CAT、POD、SOD活性，叶绿素含量及根系活力也明显高于甘蓝型和白菜型油菜。锌积累量及锌利用率也以芥菜型远远大于其它2个品种，锌素利用效率分别为12.3%（芥菜型），8.0%(白菜型)，4.9% (甘蓝型)。苗期油菜叶CAT、POD、SOD等抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量及根系活力可以作为筛选耐低锌营养油菜基因型的评价指标之一。     

秸秆覆盖及播种方式对马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响

为明确西北旱作雨养农业区不同秸秆带状覆盖种植模式下马铃薯耗水规律、水分利用效率及产量的变化规律,以地膜覆盖和露地种植(CK)为对照,设置4种秸秆带状覆盖模式(①种植带和覆盖带各40 cm、单行播种,②种植带和覆盖带各40cm、双行播种,③种植带和覆盖带各50cm、单行播种,④种植带和覆盖带各50 cm、双行播种),研究不同秸秆带状覆盖模式对旱地马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆带状覆盖处理与CK相比,马铃薯薯块产量和水分利用效率平均分别显著提高34.0%、21.5%,分别平均较地膜覆盖显著降低31.3%、25.0%;其中40 cm覆盖种植结构产量和水分利用效率较50 cm覆盖种植结构分别明显提高4.5%和6.8%,双行播种较单行播种增产4.4%,二者水分利用效率无明显差异。秸秆带状覆盖条件下,播种—现蕾阶段的耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数平均较CK显著降低14.5%、15.2%、15.4%,平均较地膜覆盖显著增加20.9%、19.0%、31.5%;与CK相比,现蕾—块茎膨大阶段耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数无显著性差异,相比于地膜覆盖,则分别平均显著减少20.7%、22.2%、13.9%;块茎膨大—成熟阶段分别平均较CK显著提高51.7%、52.4%、50.0%。同时,相比于CK,单薯重、商品薯率分别显著提高17.3%、31.8%,单株结薯数和小薯率降低7.5%、17.6%。可见,秸秆带状覆盖栽培可通过降低现蕾前的耗水和增加块茎膨大后的耗水,一定程度上缓解马铃薯植株后期对水分的需求,延长块茎膨大后植株光合作用,提高有机物的积累量,从而提高薯块产量和水分利用效率。而秸秆带状覆盖中,单行种植以种植带∶覆盖带=40 cm︰40 cm最好,双行种植以种植带︰覆盖带=50 cm︰50 cm较适宜。     

Contribution of a straw bedding to digestible nutrient intake of pigs fed diets based on either native or pregelatinized potato starch

In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 16 groups of 12 pigs were assigned to one of two housing systems (straw bedding, S vs. Barren, B) and to one of two starch types (native, N vs. pregelatinized potato starch, P, each included at 35%) to study effects on apparent faecal digestible nutrient intakes. Intake of straw from bedding material was estimated, using several markers, and results are discussed. Straw intake of the S-pigs was estimated between 143 and 234 g DM/d for P-pigs and between 96 and 156 g DM/d for N-pigs, depending on the method used. Nutrient digestibility was reduced in N-pigs when compared with P-pigs. Intake of digestible dry matter, energy, starch and ADF was increased in S-pigs, but the intake of digestible protein was reduced. Despite greatly reduced nutrient digestibility in S-pigs, additional digestible nutrient intake due to housing on a straw bedding can be considerable.     

麦秸秆和沼液配施对水稻苗期生长和土壤微生物的调控

研究了等量氮素肥料处理下小麦秸秆全量还田结合化肥(S-CF)、小麦秸秆全量还田结合沼液(S-BS)和全量化肥(CF)处理对水稻幼苗生长、氮磷积累及土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明,不同施肥处理的水稻幼苗生长明显被促进,其中CF处理的促进效果最好,其次是S-BS处理。S-BS处理的水稻叶片可溶性糖含量明显高于其他施肥处理,其叶片含氮量也明显高于CF处理。CF处理的土壤细菌总量明显高于S-BS处理,而S-BS处理的土壤细菌总量均显著高于对照(CK,不施肥)和S-CF处理;其中CF处理变形菌门细菌相对丰度显著高于其他处理。而CK和S-CF处理的真菌总量明显高于S-BS和CF处理,S-BS处理的真菌总量最低,其中,CK土壤优势真菌子囊菌门、担子菌门的相对丰度显著高于其他处理,S-CF处理土壤的壶菌门真菌相对丰度也显著高于其他处理。S-CF和S-BS处理的细菌Chao1丰富度指数和香农(Shannon)多样性指数要明显高于CF处理和CK,而S-CF处理的土壤真菌的Chao1指数和香农指数要明显高于CK,CF处理的土壤真菌Chao1指数和香农指数最低。秸秆、沼液短期替代化肥的处理下水稻植株生长低于全...     

FRW阻燃型稻草碎料板性能

以碱液处理表面的稻草为原料,采用MDI-UF混合施胶方法,压制FRW阻燃型稻草板.对比测试分析FRW阻燃稻草板与素板的各项物理力学性能和阻燃性能指标.结果表明:FRW阻燃型稻草板的各项力学性能指标均低于素板,除2h吸水厚度膨胀率外,静曲强度、弹性模量、内结合强度指标均达到国家标准的要求.FRW阻燃稻草板阻燃性能明显改善,稻草板的热释放和烟释放性能有显著降低.     

不同硼效率油菜品种细胞壁组分中硼的分配

应用不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种(Brassica napus),研究硼在细胞壁各组分中的分配规律。结果表明,细胞壁硼主要结合在果胶中,根系细胞壁80%以上的硼、叶片细胞壁95%以上的硼结合在果胶中。叶片细胞壁果胶硼含量高于根系细胞壁。品种间细胞壁各组分硼含量存在差异,低效品种苗期叶片中螯合剂可溶性果胶硼含量显著高于高效品种     

秸秆生物反应堆技术及其在污染防治中的研究——以天津市宁河县设施农业为例

选取天津市宁河县设施农业黄瓜为示范工程,采用秸秆生物反应堆技术进行种植,同时取附近普通对照区用传统方法种植做对比试验。结果表明,示范区在CO2效应与热量效应、土壤改良、作物生长及品质改善等方面均优于对照区。经济效益、环境效益分析得出,示范区的化肥施用量节约50%以上,产量增加45%,经济收益提高39%。同时,削减农田径流面源污染负荷TN 1.07 kg/hm2、TP0.11 kg/hm2,综合效益明显优于对照区。     

苏州市油菜毯状苗机械化生产技术初探

阐述了毯状苗机栽油菜有利于工厂化育苗,且具有早发优势强、根系发达、春发稳长、群体较优、个体健壮等主要特性;提出了选用高产抗倒优质品种、精细整地、适期移栽、合理群体、优化施肥、配套沟系、化控化除等高产栽培技术,为实现油菜全程机械化生产进行了探索实践。