Reproductive season and female maturity size of coconut crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Birgus latro</Emphasis> on Hatoma Island,southern Japan

Information about reproductive season, size at sexual maturity and size-dependent reproductive potentials is important for efficient resource management. Such information is necessary to determine seasonal closures and minimum legal size limits. To conserve resources of coconut crab Birgus latro, which are in danger of extinction due to excessive exploitation, their reproductive season, female size at functional maturity and relationship between female size and reproductive potentials were investigated. The reproductive season started in early June and ended late August, and females with higher reproductive potentials showed a tendency to spawn early in the reproductive season. The prohibition of exploiting the resources during the reproductive season, especially early in the season, would be appropriate for sustainability of high reproductive outputs. Fifty percent of investigated females matured functionally at 24.5-mm thoracic length (TL). However, the size at which all females reached functional maturity was 32.3 mm TL, and there was a wide variation in the size of functional maturity among individuals. We must determine minimum legal size by taking the variation into account to allow all individuals to mate at least once before they are caught, which may prevent serious depression in reproductive rate and genetic diversity.     

杂交稻头季与再生季镉积累分配特性差异研究

【目的】探究杂交稻头季与再生季镉积累分配特性差异,为再生稻安全生产提供科学依据。【方法】以Y两优9918和甬优4149为材料,采用随机区组设计开展大田试验,比较头季与再生季产量与镉积累分配特性。【结果】1）甬优4149再生季产量显著低于头季,而Y两优9918表现相反;两品种再生季有效穗数、结实率显著高于头季,而千粒重显著低于头季;2）两品种头季成熟期根、茎、叶、穗镉含量均显著低于再生季,再生季糙米镉含量为0.13~0.17 mg/kg,显著高于头季;3）再生季各器官镉含量、镉积累量、日均镉积累速率、镉转移系数与富集系数均大于头季,Y两优9918与甬优4149再生季镉总积累量分别是头季的4.28和2.67倍,再生季糙米镉含量分别是头季的1.63和1.42倍;4）头季穗部镉主要来自灌浆中期-成熟期,而再生季主要来自齐穗前,镉积累最快阶段存在品种间差异;5）两品种稻桩镉积累量在再生季全生育期内表现累积趋势,但各生育阶段的表现存在品种间差异,Y两优9918以灌浆中期为界先降后升,甬优4149表现先降后升再降趋势。6）本研究条件下,Y两优9918头季产量低于甬优4149,但再生季产量表现相反,两品种全年产量差异不大;甬优4149器官镉含量、积累量、日均积累速率及富集系数一般高于Y两优9918。【结论】再生季镉超标风险大于头季,在镉污染稻作区应慎重发展再生稻,同时再生季降镉措施的应用应以齐穗前为重点。     

我国部分早籼品种及杂交早籼骨干亲本抽穗期遗传分析

设置长、短日照和高、低温4种环境,分析了我国长江中下游和华南地区早籼水稻品种和杂交早籼骨干亲本共19份材料的抽穗期光温敏感性及基本营养生长性。结果表明,这19份早籼材料(包括杂交稻亲本)都表现出弱感光性,其中16份材料对温度比较敏感。这些早籼材料的基本营养生长性整体较弱,但是个体间表现出一定的差异。抽穗期长短与每个材料的基本营养生长性呈显著线性相关。利用一套抽穗期主基因近等基因系对这些早籼材料抽穗期基因型进行了分析。结果表明,所有早籼材料均带有隐性非感光位点hd2,大多数早籼材料都带有显性早熟基因Ef-1,而在Se-1和E1两个主效感光基因位点,所有早籼材料不带或只带有一个感光等位基因。这些结果从基因型角度揭示了早籼材料具有弱感光性和较强感温性,是其适合在我国华南双季稻作区和华中单双季稻作区作早稻种植的原因,为早籼水稻品种的选育及推广提供了重要依据。     

丰、枯水期里下河腹地典型水体浮游动物群落结构与水质评价

为了探究丰枯水期里下河腹地典型水体中浮游动物的群落结构特征,通过布设20个采样站点,于2014年丰水期(7月29日)和枯水期(12月24日)对里下河腹地典型水体进行了2次全面调查,并对水质状况进行了评价。结果表明,里下河腹地典型水体共鉴定出浮游动物21种(包括变种和变型),无节幼体1类;其中轮虫最多,共14种,占浮游动物总种数的66.6%;枝角类次之,共6种,占28.6%;桡足类最少,仅1种,占4.8%;各站点浮游动物种类组成和密度均以轮虫和枝角类为主,数量在5~15种,密度变化在9.8~102.2个/L。浮游动物相似性指数在0.18~0.55,平均为0.36,偏向于轻度相似,表明丰水期与枯水期的生境差异较大。优势种的优势度不高,在0.023~0.297;多样性指数在1.73~3.56,均匀度指数在0.67~0.95,表明丰、枯水期里下河腹地典型水体的浮游动物群落信息含量较大、群落结构处于较稳定状态。浮游动物多样性和水质监测结果均表明,枯水期水质优于丰水期,枯水期水质基本处于清洁状态,丰水期水质基本处于中度污染状态;污染源主要为面源污染,且串场河(6号)、新通扬运河(12号)、喜鹊湖(17号)、兴姜河(18号)受人类活动影响较大。     

有效降水指数在暴雨洪涝监测和评估中的应用

科学有效的监测和评估是防范和减轻暴雨洪涝灾害的重要基础。基于有效降水指数(EP)构建单站和区域暴雨洪涝监测、评估指标,利用1961-2014年湖北省76站逐日气象观测资料及相关灾情资料,确定降水衰减参数及致涝阈值,在此基础上分析EP指数在历史暴雨洪涝评估及实时暴雨洪涝过程监测中的应用效果。结果表明：经参数率定后的EP指数对农作物洪涝受灾面积的解释方差达78.1%,对年际间暴雨洪涝强度差异反应敏感,能识别历史典型大涝年和严重洪涝年,在2014年实时暴雨洪涝过程监测中能直观诊断出一般性暴雨洪涝的起止时间和过程动态变化,但对局地性和间歇性发生的暴雨洪涝过程刻画不足。创建EP指数所需数据资料少、计算简便,可用于洪涝灾害历史排位、年景评价、灾情预评估、风险区划以及作物产量建模等。     

山前冲积扇蓄洪入灌坎儿井水源保护方法研究

新疆吐鲁番盆地的坎儿井是我国宝贵的非物质文化遗产,且对吐鲁番绿洲生态的存在与发展具有不可替代的作用。近年来随着大量机电井的使用,区域地下水位持续下降,致使坎儿井出水流量减少甚至干涸。吐鲁番盆地北侧天山山脉的年降雨量可达300~400 mm,该降雨除一部分通过多条河流排出外,在山前冲积扇上也会造成一定规模的洪水,给盆地边沿地区带来一定的威胁。通过分析吐鲁番盆地基本情况、坎儿井现状和山前冲积扇蓄洪入灌的自然条件,提出一种山前冲积扇蓄洪入灌坎儿井水源保护方法,并采用数值模拟对此方法进行了研究。山前冲积扇蓄洪入灌坎儿井水源保护方法,即在冲积扇修筑拦洪坝的方式,拦蓄该部分洪水,一方面起到防洪效果,另一重要方面就是补给地下水,抬升地下水位,从而增加该区域的坎儿井的出水量。研究表明:该方法可以大幅提升地下水位,增加坎儿井的出水量,甚至可使得已经干涸的坎儿井重新出水,是经济可行的一种保护坎儿井的方法。     

西南地区水稻洪涝等级评价指标构建及风险分析

构建水稻洪涝灾害等级评价指标体系,评估水稻洪涝致灾风险,对开展水稻洪涝防灾减灾、灾害保险意义重大。以西南地区一季稻为研究对象,利用气象资料、水稻灾情史料和生育期资料,在水稻洪涝灾害反演的基础上,构建水稻洪涝灾害样本过程雨量序列。基于Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)分布拟合检验,采用置信区间下限值确定阈值的方法,构建水稻洪涝等级评价指标,并采用预留独立水稻洪涝灾害样本进行检验验证。在此基础上,计算西南地区各站点洪涝致灾风险指数。结果表明:水稻洪涝灾害的过程降水强度为抽穗成熟期拔节孕穗期移栽分蘖期;构建的西南地区水稻洪涝等级指标能较好地反映水稻洪涝实际受灾程度,指标验证完全一致的吻合率为66.7%,完全一致及相差1级的吻合率为100%。水稻洪涝灾害风险移栽分蘖期拔节孕穗期抽穗成熟期,高风险区域主要位于云南南部和东北部、贵州南部、以及四川中部的成都、眉山和德阳地区。     

冬季抗旱措施对小麦耗水特征与生育性状的影响

在2010—2011年小麦生长季节降水量为47.7 mm条件下,采用冬季抗旱处理时期(1月28日、2月12日、2月27日)、冬季抗旱措施与春一水灌水量组合(冬季喷灌+春一水灌水量75 mm、漫灌措施+春一水灌水量75 mm,冬季覆盖牛粪措施+春一水灌水量90 mm)2因素设计,研究了河北低平原区高产条件下冬小麦耗水特征和生育性状。结果表明:各处理的小麦全生育期总耗水量为384.93~464.24 mm,产量水分利用效率为15.23~20.87 kg·hm-2·mm-1。播种到越冬期和起身到灌浆期是小麦耗水量较大的时期。同一处理时期不同水肥措施下,随灌水量的增加,耗水量有增加趋势,水分利用效率与灌溉水利用效率有降低趋势;其中以牛粪覆盖措施小麦产量和灌水利用效率最高,喷灌措施小麦产量水分利用效率高于漫灌。同期不同水肥措施对小麦干物质再分配的影响表现为:牛粪覆盖措施和对照促进了小麦开花前营养器官贮存的同化物向籽粒再分配,喷灌和漫灌提高了小麦开花后干物质积累量和籽粒中来自花后积累干物质的比例。不同处理时期同一水肥措施比较,随处理时期推迟籽粒产量有增加趋势。以上结论可为指导小麦冬季田间旱情补救措施提供理论依据。     

紫色土丘陵区非耕作季节不同种植模式下N P流失模型

为了解长江上游紫色土丘陵区非耕作季节N、P的流失特征,以长江上游紫色土丘陵区4种典型种植模式为研究对象,采用野外调查、室内分析和模型模拟相结合的方法,于2008年11月1日至12月31日研究了耕作季节后不同种植模式在每次降雨后的N、P流失特征及不完全混合模型的综合应用效果。结果表明,非耕作季节,紫色农耕地均表现出较大的N、P流失量,最大分别达到（0.491±0.079）kg·hm-2和（12.604±13.173）×10-3kg·hm-2。N的流失量均大于P的流失量,并且N、P主要通过地表径流流失。不同种植模式间N、P流失量有较大的差异,其中生姜种植模式的N、P流失量最大,大豆种植模式最小。不完全混合模型可很好应用于研究区域农耕地N、P流失。模型的有效系数均达到0.6以上,其中模拟N流失的有效系数高达0.958。这表明,非耕作季节农耕地N、P流失是区域农业面源污染的重要来源,不完全混合模型可成为该区域N、P流失预报和面源污染控制的重要手段。     

Effect of nitrogen application during ripening period on photosynthesis and dry matter production and its impact on yield and yield components of semidwarf iniica rice varieties under water culture conditions

Abstract

A water culture pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of N application during the ripening period (RP) on photosynthesis, dry matter production, and its impact on grain ripening and yield in two semidwarf indica type varieties viz. Gui Zhao 2 (GZ) and BR3 (BR) compared with a japonica type variety Koganemasari (KO) under four N rates viz. 0 (N₀), 10 (N₁₀), 20 (N₂₀), and 40 (N₄₀) mg L^?1. Results showed that N application enabled to maintain a higher leaf area and delay leaf senescence in both indica and japonica type varieties but the decrease in the rate, of leaf area was higher in the former than in the latter and the rate was reduced with increasing N rates. Flag leaf photosynthesis and SPAD values of N treated plants were higher throughout the RP, showing the presence of a significant correlation either for each variety or all the varieties together. Higher photosynthetic rate was supported by higher leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value basis) content, stomatai conductance, and N concentration in leaf blades. Top dry matter content increased with increasing N rates mainly due to mean leaf area rather than NAR except for BR during RP but it was higher in KO than in GZ and BR. Reduction of shoot weight due to translocation of dry matter to panicles during RP was suppressed by N rates both in GZ and BR while shoot weight increased in the N-treated plants in KO. The dependency of KO on current photosynthates for panicle weight was found to be almost hundred percent while the contribution of stored carbohydrates in shoot before heading to panicle weight in GZ and BR was in the range of 4-27 and 33-54%, respectively and the rest was contributed by current photosynthates. The percentage increased with increasing N rates. Percentage of ripened grains (PRG) increased with increasing N rates in GZ and BR due to the increase in dry matter production and in the photosynthetic rates of apex leaves, despite the larger spikelet number and larger hull size. However, KO showed almost no variation although it had the highest PRG among the varieties. Brown rice yield followed the same pattern as that of PRG in GZ and BR and the highest yield was produced by BR followed by GZ and KO. These results suggest that N application during RP was more effective in increasing yield in the semidwarf indica type varieties than in the japonica type variety.