稻田水分监测无线传感器网络优化设计与试验

传感器网络技术为大范围稻田水分信息采集提供了一种新技术手段。利用测量稻田水分含量和水层深度测量的无线传感器WFDMS,探讨了构建稻田水分传感器网络PMSN的关键技术：设计了大面积、大范围应用体系结构模型;提出了一种满足稻田水分采样频率和数据业务需求的低功耗传输控制协议LPTP-PMSN;开发了水分信息监测信息管理系统,实现了完整运行的稻田水分传感器网络整套系统。试验表明,PMSN网络在稻田中的可靠通信距离达60 m,在 3.6 V/2 100 mAh电池供电下,4 h周期采样试验中,在传输协议LPTP-PMSN控制下,传感器、簇首、基站、短信网关、计算机间能够协同工作,整个稻田水分传感器网络可以较可靠运行,节点生命期超过190 d。该研究可为农用信息监控无线传输网络的其他应用提供参考。     

兴安落叶松原始林区降水化学输入的特征研究

对寒温带大兴安岭根河落叶松原始林区降雨、林内雨化学因子观测研究结果表明,兴安落叶松原始林区输入的大量元素均低于国内其他重要林区,而微量元素含量接近平均水平。降雨通过林冠形成林内雨时表现出兴安落叶松林冠层对Na、Ca、Cu、Fe有一定的吸附作用,其中Ca的吸附作用表现明显。降雨通过林冠时淋溶出K、Mg、Zn、Mn、P,其中K淋溶量最高。生长季中降雨除Ca的变化较大外,其他大量元素和微量元素的月际变化均较小,5～9月份林内雨多数元素养分含量月际变化曲线呈“U”字型。     

Evaluation of optical sensor measurements of canopy reflectance and of leaf flavonols and chlorophyll contents to assess crop nitrogen status of muskmelon

Nitrogen losses from intensive vegetal production systems are commonly associated with contamination of water bodies. Sustainable and optimal economic N management requires correct and timely on-farm assessment of crop N status to detect N deficiency or excess. Optical sensors are promising tools for the assessment of crop N status throughout a crop or at critical times. We evaluated optical sensor measurement of canopy reflectance and of leaf flavonols and chlorophyll contents to assess crop N status weekly throughout a muskmelon crop. The Crop Circle ACS 470 was used for reflectance measurement, the SPAD 502 for leaf chlorophyll, and the DUALEX 4 Scientific for leaf chlorophyll and flavonols. Four indices of canopy reflectance (NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, GVI), leaf flavonols and chlorophyll contents and the nitrogen balance index (NBI), the ratio of chlorophyll to flavonols contents, were linearly related to crop N content and to crop Nitrogen Nutrition Index (NNI) throughout most of the crop. NBI most accurately predicted crop N status; in five consecutive weekly measurements, R² values were 0.80–0.95. For NDVI during the same period, R² values were 0.76–0.87 in the first three measurements but R² values in the last two measurements were 0.39–0.45. Similar relationships were found with the three other reflectance indices. Generally, the relationships with NNI were equal to or slightly better than those with crop N content. These optical sensor measurements provided (i) estimation of crop N content in the range 1.5–4.5%, and (ii) an assessment of whether crop N content was sufficient or excessive for optimal crop growth for NNI ranges of 0.8–2.0. Composite equations that integrated the relationships between successive measurements with the optical sensors and crop N content or NNI for periods of ≥2 weeks (often 2–3 weeks) were derived for most indices/parameters. Overall, these results demonstrated the potential for the use of these optical sensor measurements for on-farm monitoring of crop N status in muskmelon.     

Assessment of insurance coverage and claims in rainfall related risks in processing tomato in Western Spain

An extension of guarantees related to rainfall-related risks in the insurance of processing tomato crops has been accompanied with a large increase in claims in Western Spain, suggesting that damages may have been underestimated in previous years. A database was built by linking agricultural insurance records, meteorological data from local weather stations, and topographic data. The risk of rainfall-related damages in processing tomato in the Extremenian Guadiana river basin (W Spain) was studied using a logistic model. Risks during the growth of the crop and at harvesting were modelled separately. First, the risk related to rainfall was modelled as a function of meteorological, terrain and management variables. The resulting models were used to identify the variables responsible for rainfall-related damages, with a view to assess the potential impact of extending insurance coverage, and to develop an index to express the suitability of the cropping system for insurance. The analyses reveal that damages at different stages of crop development correspond to different hazards. The geographic dependence of the risk influences the scale at which the model might have validity, which together with the year dependency, the possibility of implementing index based insurances is questioned.     

Evaluation of ultrasonic sensor for variable-rate spray applications

Automatic variable-rate sprayers require accurate measurement of canopy size. An estimate of canopy size is made by measuring the distance to the canopy at several elevations above the ground; an ultrasonic sensor was used to determine canopy distance in this study. It is sometimes necessary to conduct spray operations during harsh operating conditions. In this study ultrasonic sensors were subjected to simulated environmental and operating conditions to determine their durability and accuracy. Conditions tested included exposure to extended cold, outdoor temperatures, cross winds, temperature change, dust clouds, travel speeds and spray cloud effects. The root mean square (RMS) error in a series of measurements of the distance to a simulated plant canopy was used to test for significant difference among treatments. After exposure to outdoor cold conditions for 4 months, the RMS error in distance measured by the ultrasonic sensor increased from 3.31 to 3.55 cm, which was not statistically significant. Neither the presence of dust cloud nor the changes in cross-wind speeds over a range from 1.5-7.5 m/s had significant effects on the mean RMS errors. Varying sensor travel speed from 0.8 to 3.0 m/s had no significant influence on sensor detection distances. Increasing ambient temperature from 16.7 to 41.6 °C reduced the detection distance by 5.0 cm. The physical location of the spray nozzle with respect to the ultrasonic sensor had a significant effect on mean RMS errors. The mean RMS errors of sensor distance measurements ranged from 2.3 to 83.0 cm. The RMS errors could be reduced to acceptable values by proper controlling the sensor/spray nozzles spacing on a sprayer. In addition, multiple-synchronized sensors were tested for their measurement stability and accuracy (due to possible cross-talk errors) when mounted on a prototype sprayer. It was found that isolating the pathway of the ultrasonic wave of each sensor reduced detecting interference between sensors during multiple sensor operation. Test methods presented herein may be useful in the design of standardized testing protocols for field use distance sensors.     

气体传感器鉴别花椒产地研究

目前花椒产地鉴别基本以感官评定为主,缺乏客观性,在实施应用时难以做到量化和标准化,难以做出判断。因此设计研发一种快速鉴别花椒的智能装置。该装置以气体传感器阵列为核心,能够独立对花椒气味信息进行检测和鉴别,区分不同产地的同类花椒。利用主成分分析和WilksΛ统计分析对检测数据进行处理。提取主成分5个,累积贡献率为94.41%,其对应Fisher判别模型训练集平均准确率达到88.6%,验证集90%,WilksΛ统计分析最终选取8个变量,其对应判别Fisher模型训练集平均准确率91.82%,验证集95%。对WilksΛ统计所选取变量建立细分类交叉验证的Fisher判别模型,平均正确率达到97.27%,将模型移植到采集装置,完成智能花椒品种鉴别装置。该方法是一种简便高效的花椒品种鉴别方法,可为今后进一步研究花椒产地、分级提供检测仪器和理论依据。     

Phosphorus and iron erosion from non-vegetated sites in a post-mining landscape,Lusatia, Germany: Impact on aborning mining lakes

Particulate phosphorus (P) can be transported via soil erosion in overland flow to waters, where it provides a long-term source of P for aquatic biota, and can accelerate freshwater eutrophication. Hence, knowledge of P sources is important for good environmental management. However, data on P, and related Fe, losses from various structures of a post-mining landscape are lacking. A year-long monitoring, and ten short rainfall simulations on plot scale, at ridges and rills and a combination of them, revealed high erosion from bare lignite mining dumps at Schlabendorf-North, Lusatia, Germany. The mean annual soil erosion rate from the year-long monitoring site was 18 × 10⁶ kg km^− 2 yr^− 1, corresponding to 0.034 g m^− 2 min^− 1. The erosion rates were lowest at rill plots (1.9–4.4 g m^− 2 min^− 1), intermediate at ridge plots (14.3–37.1 g m^− 2 min^− 1), and highest at a combined rill and ridge plot (48.7–63.4 g m^− 2 min^− 1). These differences in extent were due to small scale differences in morphology and extreme water repellency. The hydrophobicity leads to very low infiltration, thus generating surface runoff even at low rainfall intensities. Loss rates of P and Fe, as deduced from the year-long erosion rate, were 470–650 kg km^− 2 yr^− 1, and 37.9 × 10³–71 × 10³ kg km^− 2 yr^− 1 respectively. However, these P inputs from lignite mining dump erosion, consisting of P-poor (17–90 μg g^− 1) tertiary spoil materials, into aborning mining lakes, are negligible since they are accompanied by high Fe inputs, which favour an efficient P co-precipitation in the water column.     

Effects of best management practices on dry matter production and fruit production efficiency of oil palm

Enhancing dry matter production with higher partitioning to fruit bunches is important for sustainable intensification of oil palm. A series of best management practices including site-specific nutrient management, canopy management, and harvesting has been developed for oil palm plantations. However, the effects of these practices on dry matter production and partitioning, and how the effects vary with climatic and soil conditions of plantation sites, remain largely unknown. We established a four-year field trial including 30 paired commercial blocks across Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia. The paired treatments included site-specific best management practices, and standard estate practices as the control. The annual production of aboveground dry matter was 30.0 ± 0.5 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (mean ± se) under best management practices, higher than 28.8 ± 0.5 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ under standard estate practices. The bunch index, an indicator of the fruit production efficiency, increased by 12% under best management practices compared to standard estate practices. Partitioning of dry matter to the fronds decreased by 8% under best management practices, compared to standard estate practices. The positive effect of best management practices on the annual production of total aboveground dry matter was stronger in the plantation site with higher annual rainfall. These results are useful for optimizing management practices to improve sustainable intensification of oil palm.     

LG-I型称量式蒸渗仪自动监测系统

为了方便有效地测定植物的蒸散,同时也为水分利用研究提供测试精度高、稳定性好的简单易用的仪器,开发研制了LG-Ⅰ大型自动称量式蒸渗仪监测系统。此系统采用自行研制的高精度弹簧、高精度SQC-A500 kg悬臂梁传感器、垂直升降调整支架和计算机软件控制处理程序。该仪器应用结果表明：与国内使用的同类蒸渗仪相比,其具有测试精度高、性能稳定、重复性好的特点,仪器最大绝对误差为±25 g（相当于0.012 mm水柱）,最大相对误差0.7%,完全可以满足实际应用的技术要求。此系统的测定值较好地反映了植物在短时段内的土壤水分蒸散变化情况,是一种比较方便实用的测定盆栽植物蒸散的仪器。     

播期对不同熟期玉米品种生育期及产量的影响

为了探索适宜本地区种植的玉米品种与播期,于2015 年在山西省早熟玉米区以特早熟、早熟、中熟3 个不同熟期玉米品种为测试材料,测定不同播期下玉米的生育期和产量及其构成。结果表明,在本试验设置的4 个播期中,特早熟和早熟品种都能安全成熟,而中熟品种4 月21 日以后播种不能正常成熟。随着播期的提前,所有不同熟期的玉米品种产量均呈上升趋势。早熟和中熟品种的产量显著大于特早熟,但早熟与中熟品种之间的产量差异不显著。产量差异的主要原因是由于百粒重之间的不同引起的。在产量与相关环境因子之间的关系中,生育期积温与产量呈显著正相关,产量随积温增加而增加。由此可见,本地区适宜种植早熟品种,最佳播期一般在4月20号左右,产量最高。