滴灌条件下土壤水盐运移特性的研究

在国内外研究成果的基础上 ,综述了滴灌点源入渗影响因素、入渗模型特性、水分分布特征、湿润体浸润形状、湿润锋运移、盐分运移的规律 ,为滴灌点源水盐运移的研究提供依据     

基于HYDRUS-1D的不同质地土壤入渗过程数值模拟

基于HYDRUS-1D软件,对不同土质(淤泥、粉砂壤土、砂质粘壤土)的灌溉方案进行了系统的数值实验,模拟灌溉结束时及灌溉结束24 h之后的土壤剖面含水量和土壤湿润锋的变化情况。结果表明:在不产生径流的情况下,灌溉结束24 h后土壤的含水量分布和湿润深度只与土壤种类和灌溉量有关,与灌溉速度无关;对透水性较好的土质,灌溉水分重分布明显,以粉砂壤土灌溉速率0.7 cm·h~(-1)和灌溉时间3 h为例,灌溉结束时和灌溉24 h后土壤湿润深度分别为9.2 cm和20.6 cm,有55.3%的灌溉水参加了水分重分布;土壤湿润深度与灌溉量之间存在线性关系,拟合直线的斜率介于5.15(淤泥)和5.95(砂质黏壤土)之间。     

Phosphorus dynamics in tile-drain flow during storms in the US Midwest

Excess phosphorus (P) in freshwater systems has been associated with eutrophication in agro-ecosystems of the US Midwest and elsewhere. A better understanding of processes regulating both soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) exports to tile-drains is therefore critical to minimize P losses to streams while maintaining crop yield. This paper investigates SRP and TP dynamics at a high temporal resolution during four spring storms in two tile-drains in the US Midwest. Depending on the storm, median concentrations varied between 0.006-0.025 mg/L for SRP and 0.057-0.176 mg/L for TP. For large storms (>6 cm bulk precipitation), for which macropore flow represented between 43 and 50% of total tile-drain flow, SRP transport to tile-drains was primarily regulated by macropore flow. For smaller tile-flow generating events (<3 cm bulk precipitation), for which macropore flow only accounted for 11-17% of total tile-drain flow, SRP transport was primarily regulated by matrix flow. Total P transport to tile-drains was primarily regulated by macropore flow regardless of the storm. Soluble reactive P (0.01-1.83 mg m⁻²/storm) and TP (0.10-8.64 mg m⁻²/storm) export rates were extremely variable and positively significantly correlated to both mean discharge and bulk precipitation. Soluble reactive P accounted for 9.9-15.5% of TP fluxes for small tile-flow generating events (<3 cm bulk precipitation) and for 16.2-22.0% of TP fluxes for large precipitation events (>6 cm bulk precipitation). Although significant variations in tile-flow response to precipitation were observed, no significant differences in SRP and TP concentrations were observed between adjacent tile-drains. Results stress the dominance of particulate P and the importance of macropore flow in P transport to tile-drains in the US Midwest. Although only spring storms are investigated, this study brings critical insight into P dynamics in tile-drains at a critical time of the year for water quality management.     

气候条件对曲靖烟区烤烟生产影响综述

气候资源是烤烟生产中自然资源的重要组成部分,适宜的气候条件是烟叶优质适产及形成特色烟叶最重要的基础因素之一。直接影响烤烟产量和质量的主要气候因素有光照、温度和降水三个因子。本文针对影响曲靖地区烤烟产量和质量的光、温、水气象条件进行综述,以期在栽培管理上趋利避害,更好的达到"适产优质"的目的。     

膜孔灌单向交汇入渗数学模型研究

通过室内膜孔单向交汇入渗试验资料，分析了膜孔单向交汇入渗特性，在此基础上，根据不同的已知资料情况，提出了相应的3个膜孔单向交汇入渗数学模型，其中模型1是建立在膜孔单向交汇入渗相对膜孔自由入渗的减渗量参数和膜孔自由入渗参数已知条件下的一个入渗模型，模型2建立在膜孔单向交汇入渗的自由入渗阶段和交汇入渗阶段的入渗参数均为已知的基础上，模型3建立在膜孔单向交汇入渗相对膜孔自由入渗减渗率和自由入渗参数为已知的基础上。经实测资料验证表明，3个模型均为计算膜孔单向交汇入渗量的有效模型，这一研究成果可为膜孔灌技术研究提供参考。     

基于SIRMOD模型的畦灌入渗参数估算及灌溉模拟

土壤入渗参数是地面灌溉中制定灌溉制度、评价灌水质量的重要指标。针对现有估算方法存在计算工作量较大、精度不高的现状,根据田间实测资料,利用SIRMOD模型,对小麦畦灌条件下田间土壤入渗参数进行了估算。与用Maheshwari法计算结果较为接近,差异均在2.0%以内。根据估算的土壤入渗参数,应用SIRMOD模型进行了多组合灌溉模拟,在保证灌水质量较高的条件下,得出了在不同亏缺水量时的适宜灌水量和灌水流量,通过田间实例验证表明模拟效果较好。     

基于低频GPR的土壤累积入渗量的探测方法研究

农田尺度上土壤累积入渗量的准确获取是目前土壤入渗研究中的难题.通过土工模拟和灌水实验,探讨利用低频探地雷达(GPR)技术探测土壤累积入渗量的方法.在分析灌水前后GPR剖面特征的基础上,分别构建和对比了基于波速法和振幅法的土壤累积入渗量计算模型.结果表明,基于振幅的探测模型在精度和稳定性方面均优于波速法,反射波振幅模型精度高于地面波模型,利用反射波波谷1构建的累积入渗量的GPR探测模型的决定系数达到0.96.因此,使用低频探地雷达可以实现对土壤累积入渗量的准确探测.研究结果为农田尺度上土壤累积入渗量的探测方法提供了一种新思路,同时,也为GPR在土壤学领域中的进一步应用提供了科学依据.     

Effects of water infiltration and storage in cultivated soil on surface irrigation

Surface irrigation analysis and design require the knowledge of the variation of the cumulative infiltration water Z (L) (per unit area) into the soil as a function of the infiltration time t (T). The purpose of this study is to evaluate water infiltration and storage under surface irrigation in an alluvial clay soil cultivated with grape yield, and to determine if partially wetted furrow irrigation has more efficient water storage and infiltration than traditional border irrigation. The two irrigation components considered were wet (WT) and dry (DT) treatments, at which water applied when available soil water reached 65% and 50%, and the traditional border irrigation control. Empirical power form equations were obtained for measured advance and recession times along the furrow length during the irrigation stages of advance, storage, depletion and recession. The infiltration (cumulative depth, Z and rate, I) was functioned to opportunity time (t_o) in minute for WT and DT treatments as: Z_WT = 0.528 t_o^0.6, Z_DT = 1.2 t_o^0.501, I_WT = 19 t_o^−0.4, and I_DT = 36 t_o^−0.498. The irrigation efficiency and soil water distribution have been evaluated using linear distribution and relative schedule depth. Coefficient of variation (CV) was 5.2 and 9.5% for WT and DT under furrow irrigation system comparing with 7.8% in border, respectively. Water was deeply percolated as 11.88 and 19.2% for wet and dry furrow treatments, respectively, compared with 12.8% for control, with no deficit in the irrigated area. Partially wetted furrow irrigation had greater water-efficiency and grape yield than both dry furrow and traditional border irrigations, where application efficiency achieved as 88.1% for wet furrow irrigation that achieved high grape fruit yield (30.71 Mg/ha) and water use efficiency 11.9 kg/m³.     

河北片麻岩山区坡地产流特征

采用人工模拟降雨的方法研究了河北省片麻岩山区坡地的产流特征,结果表明：在人工降雨条件下,水分蒸散量与气温有关,蒸散率为５％～１８％;土壤入渗速率与土地利用状况关系紧密,土壤入渗率油松〉刺槐〉荆条灌木林〉荒坡草地,隔坡沟状梯田〉鱼鳞坑〉荒坡草地;坡面工程措施和造林可减小径流系数,能有效地拉蓄地表径流。     

Impacts of natural polymer derivative neutral polysaccharide Jag S and cationic hydroxypropyl polysaccharide Jag C162 on rainfall infiltration on an experimental loess hillslope

ABSTRACT

Developing effective measures to improve soil structure and increase soil infiltration in the Loess Plateau located in arid and semiarid areas is important for soil and water conservation. Simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to determine the effects of two new natural polymer derivatives, namely neutral polysaccharide (Jag S) and cationic hydroxypropyl polysaccharide (Jag C162), on rainfall infiltration and their underlying mechanisms. The proportions of different sizes of water-stable soil aggregates were analyzed after spraying four different concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 5 g m^?2) of Jag S and Jag C162 under rainfall intensities of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm min^?1 and a slope gradient of 15°. Treatments with Jag S and Jag C162 significantly improved the rainfall infiltration rates (IRs) compared with the control. Moreover, applying 1 and 3 g m^?2 Jag S effectively increased the IRs by 22.81% and 13.69%, respectively. Treatment with Jag C162 also increased the rainfall IRs by 39.47%, 46.59%, and 46.50%. Furthermore, the content of >0.25 mm water-stable soil aggregates increased from 27.19% to 90.42% before rainfall and from 9% to 50% after rainfall. Compared with Jag C 162, treatment with Jag S was less effective on improving rainfall infiltration and aggregate content. In particularly, application of 5 g m^?2 Jag S improved the soil aggregate content but weakened rainfall infiltration because of the higher viscidity and consistency of the Jag S solution. Overall, spraying appropriate amounts of Jag C162 and Jag S on the loess slope surface can increase the water-stable soil aggregate content, resulting in improved rainfall infiltration and reduced soil erosion. Thus, application of two new natural polymer derivatives is a possible alternative conservation practice in the Loess Plateau.