乳及乳制品中黄曲霉毒素M_1研究进展

随着我国经济的发展与人们生活水平的提高,具有丰富营养价值的乳及乳制品逐渐成为人们日常生活的必需消费品。与此同时,人们对乳及乳制品的期待不再局限于量的提高,而是对其质量和安全提出了更高的要求。由于2011年发生的牛奶中黄曲霉毒素M_1(AFM_1)含量超标事件,以及相比于成人,婴幼儿更易受到牛奶中AFM_1的损害,人们开始更加重视乳及乳制品中存在的AFM_1污染问题。本文在国内外已有文献报道基础上,对乳及乳制品中AFM_1的来源与生物学性质、污染与限量标准、检测与防控技术进行综述。     

Three-dimensional,as-built site verification in supplying engineer-to-order joinery products to construction

Abstract

With currently used surveying methods, the on-site assembly of joinery products often consumes half the supplier budget. Due to spatial uncertainties, the manual product-to-room fitting of components is a major consumer of time and labour resources. With reliable as-built construction-site geometrical information, this fitting could be moved to the design stage early in the supplier process. In this study, the currently used manual surveying methods were compared with two different three-dimensional (3-D) sensing surveying methods, a portable wire-bound coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and a laser-scanning machine. The comparison evaluates the applicability of the on-site surveying methods and their potential for improving the current surveying process, moving the product-to-room fitting to the design stage. Results show that currently used manual surveying methods leave uncertainties regarding the dimensions of a construction site and are insufficient for moving the product-to-room fitting to the design stage. CMM surveying has the potential to supply coordinate registrations on a par with desired accuracy requirements, but it has limitations at the practically possible detailing level. Laser scanning seems to be applicable for the surveying for a joinery products supplier, but the accurate and detailed 3-D reconstruction of the point-cloud data is difficult and requires extensive processing. It can be concluded that the concept of digitized measurement of the as-built spatial dimensions of a construction site to enable product-to-room during the design stage has the potential to succeed with currently available digitizing technologies, but that some challenges remain.     

农产品价格链的研究

人们常用的农产品价格链能准确地推算出来并可应用于商务工作的安排。处理好价格链就能测定预期的经济效益目标。     

吉林省主要城市及景点旅游产品与公示语翻译现状调查及规范性对策研究

吉林省主要城市及景点旅游产品与公示语翻译现状存在着许多问题,在一定程度上损害了吉林省的对外形象。通过调查找出吉林省主要城市及景点旅游产品与公示语翻译存在的主要问题,从汉英语言风格、传统习俗、思维习惯的差异及管理部门的内、外部因素等方面分析其成因,并就吉林省主要城市及景点旅游产品与公示语翻译规范性对策提出一些看法与观点。     

Comparison of Moist and Dry Cooking on Sensory Quality,Consumer Acceptance and Marketability of Canned Bighead Carp

Abstract

Canned bighead carp has shown potential as a freshwater fish product. Canned products made from bighead carp loins that had been either cooked in steam or a convection oven were evaluated by a consumer panel of 90 individuals. The consumers were not told the identity of the fish under consideration. Acceptability was estimated by use of hedonic scales for sensory attributes, open-ended questions about how the products compared to similar canned fish products, and the just right scale for attribute direction for change. Willingness to pay compared to similar products also was determined for each product. Both carp products were light in color and contained less than 1% crude lipids. Acceptability of both products was good with the steam-cooked carp products being slightly more preferred in most categories. For the sensory attribute, “overall liking,” 54% of panelists rated the steam-cooked product as either like very much or like moderately. Likewise, over 60% of panelists indicated that either carp product was better than or equal to canned tuna and that they would be willing to pay as much for either product as tuna.     

促进无公害农产品开发的措施

尽管国家和农业行政主管部门于近些年加大了对无公害农产品开发的政策引导和技术监管力度,但是收效不佳。为此,该文在剖析现实困境的基础上,探索促进无公害农产品开发的政策和法律措施,以实现无公害农产品开发的良性循环。     

Problems of using pines in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tuber melanosporum</Emphasis> culture: soils and truffle harvest associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus nigra</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. sylvestris</Emphasis>

In Mediterranean pine forests, truffles and mushrooms generate greater profits than any other woodland products. However, there are no studies on Tuber melanosporum Vittad. associated with pines. For this reason, we have carried out a study of this truffle in mountain woods with Pinus sylvestris L. and P. nigra Arnold subsp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco, in central Spain. Two hundred and eight Tuber melanosporum burns were monitored for 7 years in five different habitats within the same geographical area. An ANOVA test confirmed significant differences in carpophore production. In higher producing habitats, pines were less abundant. We also confirmed that in 433 burns, T. melanosporum was always unequivocally associated with the root base of Quercus or Corylus trees. Similarly, 14 truffle collectors confirmed that they had never found a single burn with carpophore production associated exclusively with pines. Nevertheless, soil analyses indicated that the soil of these pine woods was very favourable to Tuber melanosporum. We therefore conclude that at present Pinus nigra salzmannii and P. sylvestris are of little interest to Tuber melanosporum culture, as they hinder carpophore production. However, this study has also confirmed that Pinus nigra salzmannii and P. sylvestris mycorrhize easily with Tuber melanosporum, both in the laboratory and in natural environments. On this basis, we propose that pines may act as transmitters of T. melanosporum, although they do not induce fruiting. As a result, the commercial cultivation of Pinus nigra salzmannii and P. sylvestris seedlings mycorrhized with Tuber melanosporum is not recommended in truffle culture at the present time.     

有机生态型无土栽培技术的推广与利用

有机生态型无土栽培技术是培育蔬菜和花卉等获得无公害产品的最佳途径;它投资少,经济效益高,可推广使用。     

自由贸易体制对中国林产品贸易可持续发展影响研究

林产品自然属性决定其贸易活动熏更多涉及到自然资源和环境保护方面的问题。中国作为世界重要林产品进出口大国,森林资源的匮乏与经济快速发展使得林产品进口依存度不断提高,WTO倡导的自由贸易体制深刻影响中国林产品贸易的可持续发展。自由贸易体制影响中国林产品贸易规模、产业结构及贸易政策的选择。多边贸易体制下,自由贸易与环境保护博弈发展,自由贸易体制要求中国林产品贸易可持续发展设计合理的制度安排及路径选择。     

Evidence that subsistence farmers have domesticated indigenous fruits (Dacryodes edulis and Irvingia gabonensis) in Cameroon and Nigeria

Ten fruit and kernel traits were measured in 152 Irvingia gabonensis and 293 Dacryodes edulis trees from 6 villages in Cameroon and Nigeria. Frequency distribution curves were used to examine the range of variation of each trait of each species in each village and aggregated into national and regional populations. There were differences between the village sub-populations, with regard to the normality (e.g., mean kernel mass of D. edulis) or skewness (e.g., mean flesh depth of D. edulis) of the distribution curves and in the degree of separation between the individual village populations along the x axis, resulting in the development of a bimodal distribution in the regional population. For all traits, populations of both species differed significantly between countries, but only in D. edulis were there significant differences between the Cameroon populations. On the basis of the results of this study, D. edulis can be said to be virtually wild in Nigeria but semi-domesticated in Cameroon, while I. gabonensis is wild in Cameroon and semi-domesticated in Nigeria. These results are discussed with regard to a hypothesis that the range and frequency of variation in the different populations can be used to identify five stages of domestication. From a comparison of the frequency distribution curves of desirable versus undesirable traits, and statistically identifyable changes in skewness and kurtosis, it is concluded that as a result of the farmers’ own efforts by truncated selection, D. edulis is between Stages 2 and 3 of domestication (with a 67% relative gain in flesh depth) in Cameroon, while I. gabonensis in Nigeria is at Stage 2 (with a 44% relative gain in flesh depth). In this study, genetic diversity seems to have been increased, and not reduced, by domestication. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.