Nutrient use efficiencies and crop responses to N, P and manure applications in Zimbabwean soils: Exploring management strategies across soil fertility gradients

The spatial variability in crop yields commonly observed in smallholder farms of sub-Saharan Africa is often caused by gradients of declining soil fertility with increasing distance from the homestead. This heterogeneity means that recommendations based on regional soil surveys are of limited value. The variability in soil qualities within farms must be considered when designing management strategies, and their feasibility analysed by integrating results at the farm livelihood scale. For this purpose, we have developed the model FARMSIM, a dynamic bio-economic model for analysis and exploration of trade-offs in resource and labour allocation in heterogeneous smallholder farms. Focusing on farm-scale strategies, the approach to simulation of soil and crop processes in FARMSIM (the sub-model FIELD) is designed to be simple, but to keep the necessary degree of complexity to capture heterogeneity in resource use efficiencies. To test our approach, the sub-model FIELD was calibrated against chronosequences of woodland clearance in three agroecological zones of Zimbabwe (with soil textures of 3, 10, 35% clay), and used to simulate: (i) the creation of soil fertility gradients, and (ii) different strategies of N, P and manure applications to maize and soyabean rotations in homefields and outfields of smallholder farms on clayey and sandy soils. The results of the simulation of management strategies were tested against on-farm experimental data from Murewa, Zimbabwe. The model produced satisfactory predictions (r²: 0.6–0.9) of long-term changes in soil organic C, of crop responses to N and P and of nutrient use efficiencies across a wide range of yields and different field types. This demonstrated the broad applicability of the model despite the sparse data required for initialisation. However, the model results were less accurate in predicting crop responses to N and P applications in the outfields on sandy soils. Experimental evidence indicated yield limitation by Ca and Zn deficiencies in highly depleted outfields on sandy soils, which were not included mechanistically in the current version of FIELD. Repeated applications of 16 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of manure allowed larger responses to applied N and P after 3 years of experimentation; such a corrective effect of manure was simulated to be due to improved N and P recovery efficiencies in the model. In combination with the experimental data, the simulation results suggested that soil fertility gradients affect nutrient use efficiencies, operating mostly on the efficiencies of nutrient capture rather than conversion. A typology of fields according to the type of management interventions needed is introduced, based on a generic application of FIELD with this parameterisation.     

水稻光温敏核不育系花药培养的初步研究

利用光温敏核不育系材料蜀光 6 37S、蜀光 5 70S、蜀光 5 82S ,研究了花粉发育的不同时期、头季稻和再生稻、低温预处理时间、诱导培养基和分化培养基等 5个方面对花粉愈伤组织的形成与绿苗再生的影响。结果表明 :小孢子发育单核中 ,晚期的花药诱导效果优于其他时期 ;头季稻的愈伤及绿苗诱导率明显高于再生稻 ;低温预处理时间的延长有利于花粉诱导率的提高 ,处理 8d左右达到最高诱导率 ;培养基SK3、NB对大多数材料的诱导效果优于其他培养基 ;增加IAA和少量的 6 -BA对提高分化率有益     

两优681选育与利用

利用籼型光温敏核不育系蜀光612S与蜀恢881配组成两优681,经试验、示范表明,比对照汕优63具有早熟、丰产、抗稻瘟病、米质优、制种产量高的特点。     

杂交水稻整精米率的遗传相关分析

本文用6个不育系与6个恢复系，组成6×6的不完全双列杂交，对杂交稻整精米率进行了遗传相关分析．结果表明：整精米率以加性基因效应起主导作用，且不育系的作用大于恢复系的作用．其广义遗传力和狭义遗传力，分别为65.23％和45．88％。整精米率的杂种优势居于双亲之间，偏向低值亲本。相关分析结果，整精米率与垩白率和粒长呈极显著的负相关；与出糙率呈显著的正相关．与精米率和其它外观品种质性状相关不显著．通径分析表明，垩白率、粒长和出糙率对整精米率的直接通径系数分别为-0．7548、－0．6967和0．4260．文中提出了提高杂交水稻整精米率的途径．     

恢复系6326及其系列杂交水稻的选育与利用 Ⅰ 恢复系6326的选育及其特性

恢复系6326是以密阳46作母本，配明恢63选育而成．该恢复系恢复谱广，产量的一般配合力和特殊配合力强，抗稻瘟病，米质优，所配组合可供大面积试种、示范。     

水稻籼粳杂种不育性的多基因遗传不平衡

本文研究和讨论了水稻亚种间远缘杂种不育性的起源。就杂种不育性的遗传本质,作者提出了多基因遗传不平衡假说:远缘杂种不育性的遗传属于孢子体——配子体的互作,且存在一个多基因系统支配下的一种特殊的配子体选择方式对不育性起作用。具有r个遗传分歧的基因位点(无论连锁或独立)的远缘品种杂交F_1产生的配子中分为平衡配子和不平衡配子。平衡配子的r个基因位点为亲本基因组合类型,拥有亲本之一的整套基因系统而能正常发育;而不平衡配子含有双亲的部分基因系统,由于遗传分歧双亲的基因系统在单倍性细胞中不能很好地配合协调或互补,发育过程的障碍就可能产生败育。在平衡配子和极不平衡配子之间存在各种中间类型,配子体选择按S~(r+u)进行。我们的试验结果结合过去的研究,说明水稻亚种的分化是自然选择作用于遗传变异的结果,生殖隔离是籼亚种和粳亚种连续积累的遗传分歧的产物。     

水稻品种再生特性生理基础的比较研究

本文以两个具有不同再生力的水稻品种及其组配的杂交种和一个基本无再生力的杂交稻为材料,采用砂基营养液栽培方法,研究了水稻品种再生特性的生理基础。结果表明,水稻品种再生能力与其叶片光合强度及根系活力有密切关系,再生稻品种正季各生育时期光合强度及根系活力均大于无再生力的对照种,至成熟时仍维持一定水平。同时,再生稻品种在整个生育期间对于营养物质的吸收及分配也明显优于对照。文中就上述结果对再生稻形成的生理基础、再生特性的早期预测也明显稻在生产上的应用潜力等问题进行了讨论。     

川西平原稻田高效可持续三熟复种模式研究

设计 5种三熟复种新模式 ,即“中早熟水稻 -生菜 -小麦”、“中早熟水稻 -大豆 -小麦”、“中早熟水稻 -玉米/ /甘薯 -小麦”、“中迟稻水稻 -莴笋 /油菜”和“中迟稻水稻 -马铃薯 /油菜” ,以“水稻 -小麦”传统模式作对照 ,于1 996～ 1 998年在广汉市三水镇进行同田大区定位试验。结果表明 :①新种植模式对土地、劳力及光热资源的利用率都比传统模式有了显著提高 ,纯收益以“中早熟水稻 -生菜 -小麦”模式最好 ,其次为“中早熟水稻 -大豆 -小麦”、“中迟熟水稻 -马铃薯 /油菜”和“中迟熟水稻 -莴笋 /油菜” ,而“中早熟水稻 -玉米 / /甘薯 -小麦”模式的经济效益最差。②通过品种选择与茬口调节 ,采取连作和套作两种方式 ,形成的具有较高经济效益和稳定性能的稻田三熟制 ,较好地满足了本区“稳粮调结构、增收奔小康”的客观需求     

一个未知的卷叶基因的识别和定位

利用籼稻窄叶青８号和粳稻京系１７的杂交Ｆ１以及衍生的ＤＨ系,对水稻籼粳交的卷叶性状进行遗传分析;结果表明,叶片平展对卷曲为显性,卷叶植株受两对隐性基因控制。应用ＤＨ系已构建的分子图谱将这两对卷叶基因定位于第１染色体的Ｃ９４９—Ｇ３７０和第５染色体的ＲＧ１３—ＲＧ５７之间,其中第１染色体的卷叶位点,与经典遗传图谱已定的ｒｌ－１位于同一区段,本研究沿用该名。第５染色体上的卷叶基因是一个未定位的新基因,暂定名为ｒｌ－７,且这两对基因存在基因互补作用。     

氮素对粳稻主要数量性状的表现型和遗传变异的影响

选取10个典型的粳稻品种,设置4个氮素水平,用3次重复的裂区设计,研究氮素对粳稻数量性状的表现型和遗传变异的影响。结果表明:氮素对一些重要性状的作用达极显著水平,对其遗传方差、遗传变异系数和广义遗传力有明显影响;不同性状对氮素的表型和遗传响应有差异,同一性状的表型和遗传响应也不完全一致。因此,应存能使遗传信息充分表达的适当氮素水平下对育种材料进行选择或加工。