脉冲磁场对黄粉虫生长发育的影响

磁场对各种生物都会产生一定的影响 ,但只有适当强度的磁场对生物才起到有益的作用。试验用脉冲磁场处理黄粉虫的幼虫 ,发现 5 0～ 12 0mT强度的永恒磁场、1Hz和 5 0Hz的脉冲磁场有延缓黄粉虫生长发育的作用     

Development of a ground truthing method for determination of rangeland biomass using canopy reflectance properties

Veld condition assessment and establishment of grazing capacity norms provide guidelines for the formulation of sustainable practices. However, conventional monitoring methods are becoming inadequate to meet future challenges, where quantification of spatial and temporal variation is required. This study proposes an on-site remote sensing method for monitoring above-ground biomass in rangelands. A preliminary model was formulated, based on simple regression relationships between canopy reflectance properties and aboveground biomass. This model was validated in semi-arid environments (Nama-karoo and Kalahari) within the framework of spatial and temporal experimental trials. Model accuracy was found to be primarily a function of canopy structure and vegetation composition where increases in dwarf shrub presence resulted in greater variations of both NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and LAI (Leaf Area Index) measurements. Temporal variation in model accuracy could also be observed which seemed to be associated with precipitation events. It was concluded that the proposed remote sensing method has potential as a ground truthing technique for determination of rangeland biomass. Indications are that this method is well suited for use in grass dominated veld types. With further refinement, implementation of this technique should also be possible in dwarf shrublands.     

Nutrient use efficiencies and crop responses to N, P and manure applications in Zimbabwean soils: Exploring management strategies across soil fertility gradients

The spatial variability in crop yields commonly observed in smallholder farms of sub-Saharan Africa is often caused by gradients of declining soil fertility with increasing distance from the homestead. This heterogeneity means that recommendations based on regional soil surveys are of limited value. The variability in soil qualities within farms must be considered when designing management strategies, and their feasibility analysed by integrating results at the farm livelihood scale. For this purpose, we have developed the model FARMSIM, a dynamic bio-economic model for analysis and exploration of trade-offs in resource and labour allocation in heterogeneous smallholder farms. Focusing on farm-scale strategies, the approach to simulation of soil and crop processes in FARMSIM (the sub-model FIELD) is designed to be simple, but to keep the necessary degree of complexity to capture heterogeneity in resource use efficiencies. To test our approach, the sub-model FIELD was calibrated against chronosequences of woodland clearance in three agroecological zones of Zimbabwe (with soil textures of 3, 10, 35% clay), and used to simulate: (i) the creation of soil fertility gradients, and (ii) different strategies of N, P and manure applications to maize and soyabean rotations in homefields and outfields of smallholder farms on clayey and sandy soils. The results of the simulation of management strategies were tested against on-farm experimental data from Murewa, Zimbabwe. The model produced satisfactory predictions (r²: 0.6–0.9) of long-term changes in soil organic C, of crop responses to N and P and of nutrient use efficiencies across a wide range of yields and different field types. This demonstrated the broad applicability of the model despite the sparse data required for initialisation. However, the model results were less accurate in predicting crop responses to N and P applications in the outfields on sandy soils. Experimental evidence indicated yield limitation by Ca and Zn deficiencies in highly depleted outfields on sandy soils, which were not included mechanistically in the current version of FIELD. Repeated applications of 16 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of manure allowed larger responses to applied N and P after 3 years of experimentation; such a corrective effect of manure was simulated to be due to improved N and P recovery efficiencies in the model. In combination with the experimental data, the simulation results suggested that soil fertility gradients affect nutrient use efficiencies, operating mostly on the efficiencies of nutrient capture rather than conversion. A typology of fields according to the type of management interventions needed is introduced, based on a generic application of FIELD with this parameterisation.     

水稻坐蔸田的植株营养分析初报

对水稻植株七种营养元素分析水稻坐蔸的原因，一是Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｚｎ的不足和Ｍｎ过剩，二是各营养元素之间相互吸收与运输及拮抗作用，造成植株生长系统内养分不平衡。通过养分适量的调节，增产效果明显。     

作物无融合生殖胚、胚囊发育及遗传规律研究(综述)

本文对作物无融合生殖胚、胚囊发育、分化细胞学基础,胚发生特点,无融合生殖特性遗传规律以及无融合生殖与环境因子的关系进行了分析研究。     

应用蛋白质和DNA片段电泳分析鉴定稻种上的黄色细菌

本研究的目的是建立一种能简便、快速、准确鉴定水稻种子上寄藏的三类黄色细菌的方法。通过对三类菌株的菌体蛋白质和DNA限制性片段的电泳分析结果表明,三类细菌的蛋白质和DNA限制性片段电泳图谱明显不同,而在同一类群内不同菌株间的电泳图型则基本相同,因此能应用蛋白质和DNA限制性片段电泳分析于这些类群细菌的分类鉴定和亲缘关系分析,特别是菌体蛋白质是电泳分析具有简便、快速等优点。     

水稻辐射育种早期选择方法的研究

本试验利用放射线辐照水稻种子,进行诱变育种,探索辐射育种的M_1代选择方法。在原有工作的基础上,提出了M_1代单株综合性状好、结实率高为选择标准。几年的试验,均在受试材料的M_1代中获得符合际准的单株,并从中选育出新品种——“辐415”已用于水稻生产。     

立枯丝核菌对碳、氮营养的需求

在不同种类和含量的碳氮源培养基上测定了立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)对碳、氮的需求,结果可溶性淀粉、蔗糖和蛋白胨最有利于病菌的生长,其次是葡萄糖和硝酸钾,病菌对果糖、乳糖、硫酸铵、L—谷氨酰胺和甘氨酸的利用较差。碳、氮含量高,菌落扩展速度较慢,但菌丝重叠、密集,有较多的气生菌丝,菌丝体生长量大;碳、氮含量低,菌落扩展速度较快,但菌丝稀疏,菌丝体生长量小。氮源对菌核的形态、大小、颜色及在培养基中形成的部位影响比碳源大。     

水稻光温敏核不育系花药培养的初步研究

利用光温敏核不育系材料蜀光 6 37S、蜀光 5 70S、蜀光 5 82S ,研究了花粉发育的不同时期、头季稻和再生稻、低温预处理时间、诱导培养基和分化培养基等 5个方面对花粉愈伤组织的形成与绿苗再生的影响。结果表明 :小孢子发育单核中 ,晚期的花药诱导效果优于其他时期 ;头季稻的愈伤及绿苗诱导率明显高于再生稻 ;低温预处理时间的延长有利于花粉诱导率的提高 ,处理 8d左右达到最高诱导率 ;培养基SK3、NB对大多数材料的诱导效果优于其他培养基 ;增加IAA和少量的 6 -BA对提高分化率有益     

拮抗水稻纹枯病菌有益真菌的分离和筛选

本研究采用单孢分离法从腐烂稻草上获得６ 个对水稻纹枯病菌有较强拮抗作用的菌株,经室内初步筛选鉴定属于木霉、类木霉,对防治稻纹枯病具有一定潜能