Outer membrane protein A of Acinetobacter baumannii induces autophagy via Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells

AIM:To analyze the effects of outer membrane protein A (OmpA) from Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 on the autophagy of RAW264.7 cells. METHODS:The RAW264.7 cell model stimulated by OmpA was established. The effects of OmpA on the autophagy of RAW264.7 cells were detected by immunofluorescence, Western blot and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS:The OmpA increased the expression of LC3B-Ⅱ and reduced the phosphorylation levels of Akt, mTOR and p70S6K. Rapamycin further reduced the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and p-70S6K, and increased the expression of LC3B-Ⅱ induced by OmpA. CONCLUSION:The OmpA of Acinetobacter baumannii induces autophagy via Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in the RAW264.7 cells. This work provides a basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of autophagy induced by Acinetobacter baumannii to find a new method against the infection of Acinetobacter baumannii.     

A Sulfated Polysaccharide from Saccharina japonica Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammation Both in a Macrophage Cell Model via Blocking MAPK/NF-κB Signal Pathways In Vitro and a Zebrafish Model of Embryos and Larvae In Vivo

Inflammation is a complicated host-protective response to stimuli and toxic conditions, and is considered as a double-edged sword. A sulfated Saccharina japonica polysaccharide (LJPS) with a sulfate content of 9.07% showed significant inhibitory effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and zebrafish. Its chemical and structural properties were investigated via HPLC, GC, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy. In vitro experiments demonstrated that LJPS significantly inhibited the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) via the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β production via the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, LJPS showed strong protective effects against LPS-induced inflammatory responses in zebrafish, increasing the survival rate, reducing the heart rate and yolk sac edema size, and inhibiting cell death and the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO. Its convenience for large-scale production and significant anti-inflammatory activity indicated the potential application of LJPS in functional foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.     

受体相互作用蛋白1(RIP1)对BCG诱导小鼠巨噬细胞凋亡的调控作用

旨在通过构建受体相互作用蛋白1(RIP1)腺病毒干扰载体,研究其对BCG诱导的RAW264.7细胞凋亡相关指标的影响,以探讨其在BCG诱导RAW264.7凋亡过程中的调控作用。笔者构建RIP1腺病毒干扰载体,并转染感染BCG的小鼠RAW264.7细胞系,利用流式细胞仪检测各处理细胞凋亡率、细胞线粒体膜电位、细胞活性氧水平及细胞周期等指标,并用Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达水平。结果显示:BCG感染显著上调了RIP1的蛋白表达水平并提高了小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的凋亡率,当RIP1被干扰后,BCG感染后的RAW264.7细胞凋亡率和活性氧水平显著降低,而促凋亡蛋白Bax表达量显著下调,线粒体膜电位和抑凋亡蛋白表达量上调。同时,BCG感染后细胞周期滞留于G_1期。BCG感染可有效上调RIP1表达量并诱导RAW264.7细胞凋亡。RIP1通过下调BCG感染后RAW264.7细胞的线粒体膜电位,上调活性氧含量并提高凋亡相关蛋白Bax/Bcl-2比值,使细胞周期阻滞于G_1期从而参与诱导细胞凋亡。     

预防性给予生物活性肽对巨噬细胞抵御LPS刺激的调节作用

预防性给予巨噬细胞(RAW264.7细胞)不同浓度的生物活性肽Gln-Glu-Pro-Val(QEPV)后,用脂多糖(LPS)刺激细胞,通过检测细胞因子表达和炎性蛋白基因转录,观察生物活性肽QEPV对细胞抵御LPS刺激的调节作用。结果表明,0.1g/L的QEPV有显著的促进细胞增殖作用,0.5g/L浓度以下的QEPV对RAW264.7细胞无增殖抑制作用。0.5g/L QEPV预处理RAW264.7细胞后,用LPS刺激细胞,其IL-6、IL-12等促炎细胞因子的分泌降低,抗炎细胞因子IL-10分泌提前,分泌量增加,COX-2、iNOS基因的转录水平降低,说明乳源性生物活性肽QEPV对RAW264.7细胞抵御LPS刺激起正向调节作用。     

牛磺鹅去氧胆酸对小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7细胞凋亡的影响

为了探讨牛磺鹅去氧胆酸（TCDCA）对小鼠单核巨噬细胞系RAW264.7的抗凋亡作用,试验采用二苯胺法及实时荧光定量PCR技术分别检测了针对RAW264.7细胞凋亡百分率及凋亡抑制蛋白CIAP-1、CIAP-2和XIAP的mRNA表达影响。结果显示,剂量为0.05、0.10和10 μg/mL TCDCA可以极显著地对抗地塞米松（DEX）诱导的RAW264.7细胞系凋亡（P < 0.01）。1 μg/mL TCDCA对正常RAW264.7细胞系CIAP-1和XIAP表达有显著的促进作用（P < 0.05）;10 μg/mL TCDCA对正常RAW264.7细胞系CIAP-1、CIAP-2和 XIAP表达均具有显著的促进作用（P < 0.05）。TCDCA给药后对DEX诱导的RAW264.7细胞系CIAP-1、CIAP-2和 XIAP表达均具有极显著的促进作用（P < 0.01）,但不同给药剂量的TCDCA作用有所差异。以上研究结果表明,TCDCA具有对抗DEX诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7凋亡作用,且与上调凋亡抑制蛋白mRNA表达有关。     

两种布鲁氏菌弱毒株侵染小鼠巨噬细胞过程的荧光表征及分析

通过对绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）布鲁氏菌弱菌株M5（GFP-M5）和S19（GFP-S19）侵染小鼠巨噬细胞（RAW264.7）及对其与胞内溶酶体、内质网、高尔基体初次结合所用时间进行测定,探讨分析两种布鲁氏菌弱毒株侵染小鼠巨噬细胞过程的荧光表征。将GFP-M5和GFP-S19分不同时间段分别侵染RAW264.7,利用激光共聚焦和流式细胞仪观察和检测。结果显示,GFP-M5和GFP-S19均构建成功。布鲁氏菌M5和S19及GFP-M5和GFP-S19侵染RAW264.7后胞内生存能力无明显差异。GFP-M5和GFP-S19侵染30 min后均已进入小鼠巨噬细胞,2 h分别到达溶酶体、内质网和高尔基体。而两种弱毒株在1、2、3、4 h与各细胞器结合率相近。流式细胞仪检测结果显示,GFP-M5和GFP-S19侵染RAW264.7的GFP⁺细胞含量无显著差异（P>0.05）。结果提示,两种弱毒株在侵染进入宿主细胞的初期及侵袭能力并没有明显差异。     

In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Sulfated Polysaccharides Isolated from the Edible Brown Seaweed,Sargassum fulvellum

In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of the sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Sargassum fulvellum (SFPS) were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish. The results indicated that SFPS improved the viability of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages from 80.02 to 86.80, 90.09, and 94.62% at the concentration of 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. Also, SFPS remarkably and concentration-dependently decreased the production levels of inflammatory molecules including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin E₂, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, SFPS significantly inhibited the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, the in vivo test results indicated that SFPS improved the survival rate of LPS-treated zebrafish from 53.33 to 56.67, 60.00, and 70.00% at the concentration of 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, SFPS effectively reduced cell death, reactive oxygen species, and NO levels in LPS-stimulated zebrafish. Taken together, these results suggested that SFPS possesses strong in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, and could be used as an ingredient to develop anti-inflammatory agents in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Inhibitory Effect of N,N-Didesmethylgrossularine-1 on Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells

N,N-Didesmethylgrossularine-1 (DDMG-1), a compound with a rare α-carboline structure, was isolated from an Indonesian ascidian Polycarpa aurata as responsible for the observed inhibitory activity against TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. DDMG-1 inhibited the mRNA level of mTNF-α, IκB-α degradation, and binding of NF-κB to the target DNA site in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, DDMG-1 had an inhibitory effect on the production of IL-8, which is produced in CD14⁺-THP-1 cells stimulated by LPS. DDMG-1 is thus a promising drug candidate lead compound for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis.     

GPX4失活通过JNK通路缓解LPS诱导巨噬细胞炎症反应

【目的】研究硒蛋白谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidases 4,GPX4)失活如何参与调控脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症反应及其潜在的分子机制。【方法】体外培养RAW264.7巨噬细胞,以DMSO为对照,使用0.1～5.0μmol/L GPX4抑制剂FIN56处理,通过CCK-8法检测细胞活力和Western blotting检测GPX4蛋白表达水平,确定抑制剂最适浓度。将RAW264.7巨噬细胞分为4组：对照组,添加DMSO培养24 h; FIN56(GPX4抑制剂)组,添加0.5μmol/L FIN56培养24 h; DMSO-LPS组,DMSO培养24 h后使用LPS(100 ng/mL)刺激3 h; FIN56-LPS组,FIN56培养24 h后使用LPS刺激3 h。各组细胞经培养后,利用荧光探针2′,7′-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(2′,7′-dichlorodi-hydrofluorescein diacetate, H₂DCFDA)检测细胞内活性氧(reactive...     

BCG诱导RAW264.7细胞脂肪酸氧化对细胞自噬和促炎因子表达的调控作用

旨在探究脂肪酸氧化（fatty acid oxidation,FAO）对BCG介导的RAW264.7细胞自噬和促炎因子表达的调控作用。用BODIPY染色和游离脂肪酸定量试剂盒检测BCG感染后RAW264.7细胞中脂滴聚集情况以及脂肪酸含量;Western blot检测BCG感染对肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶1A （CPT-1A）表达的影响;Etomoxir （100 μmol·L^-1）预处理细胞2 h后,BCG感染细胞6 h,检测RAW264.7细胞中BCG存留量,并用Western blot方法检测自噬相关蛋白（Beclin1、LC3-II）和溶酶体蛋白（Rab7）的表达情况;用免疫荧光方法和mRFP-GFP-LC3荧光双标腺病毒分别检测自噬小体聚集和自噬流;荧光定量PCR和ELISA分别检测促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α mRNA表达情况以及在细胞培养上清中的含量。结果显示,BCG感染促进RAW264.7细胞中脂滴聚集和CPT-1A的表达,而游离脂肪酸含量降低;Etomoxir预处理抑制了细胞中BCG存活,并上调了Beclin1、LC3-II和Rab7表达,且细胞中出现大量自噬小体聚集,自噬流增强,却抑制了促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α mRNA表达与分泌。综上表明,抑制FAO可促进BCG感染诱导的RAW264.7细胞自噬,并抑制BCG感染引起的炎症反应。