Does full protection count for the maintenance of β‐diversity patterns in marine communities? Evidence from Mediterranean fish assemblages

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福建海区浮游动物种类组成及数量分布特点

根据2003～2004年福建海区春季和夏季2个季度月浮游动物调查资料,分析和研究该调查海区浮游动物种类组成和数量分布特点。结果表明:浮游动物经鉴定共有226种,其中桡足类114种,占总种数的50.4%,以广盐高盐亚热带和热带种为主。浮游动物总生物量分布夏季比春季高,春季平均值为90.3mg·m-3,夏季为150.8mg·m-3,春季总生物量呈现由北向南递减,以闽东渔场最高,闽中渔期次之,闽南台湾浅滩渔场最低,密集区不明显,夏季则相反,随着暖流势力的增强,闽中、闽南台湾浅滩总生物量明显增加,以闽南台湾浅滩最高,且密集区明显;在调查海区总生物量起主导作用的优势种为普通波水蚤、锥形宽水蚤、微陀隆哲水蚤、亚强真哲水蚤,其密集区基本上是各种作业的主要渔场,与历史资料和邻近海域相比较,一直保持优势种地位有普通波水蚤、亚强真哲水蚤等,生物密集区基本相同。     

浅色黄姑鱼鳃结构及其呼吸面积的研究

应用扫描电镜技术对体重范围在4.75～35.51g的浅色黄姑鱼（Nibea coibor）鳃结构及鳃小片进行了观察与呼吸面积计算,研究体重、体长与呼吸面积之间的相关关系。结果表明,浅色黄姑鱼的平均相对呼吸面积为4.01±1.62cm^2·g^-1。体重与一侧鳃丝总数的相关性N=28.81＋158.45lnW（R^2=0.9670,P〈0.01）较体长与一侧鳃丝总数的相关性N=17.31L^1.4542（R^2=0.8241,P〈0.01）更为显著。单位mm鳃小片的数目随着体重的不断增加显著减少,N=49.971W^-0.3909（P〈0.01）。单个鳃小片的面积随体重的增大而显著增加,a=0.3199W^0.2528（P〈0.01）。总呼吸面积随体重的增大而显著增加,A=11.559W^0.7109（P〈0.01）。相对呼吸面积随体重的增大而显著减小,RA=11.561W^-0.2904（P〈0.01）。     

Disturbance‐induced responses of VHF and satellite tagged harbour seals

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北方农牧交错区奶牛场环境中微生物数量季节性变化的研究

本试验分别在春、夏、秋、冬四季对内蒙古西部农牧交错区一座奶牛场舍内外空气环境以及运动场土壤和饮水中微生物数量进行了监测。结果表明,奶牛场舍内空气及土壤和水中的总需氧菌数和大肠杆菌数均以冬季最低。     

半干旱区旱地不同覆盖方式对糜子耗水和产量的影响

为探讨半干旱区旱地不同覆盖方式对糜子耗水特征和产量的影响,测定了全膜覆土穴播(PMS)、全膜覆盖穴播(PM)和露地穴播(CK)3种不同处理的糜子发育动态、0—200cm土壤水分季节变化、糜子地上生物量动态、产量和耗水量。2a的试验结果表明,地膜覆盖后糜子营养生长期缩短,生殖生长时期延长,但全生育期缩短;PMS处理的糜子的生育期较CK缩短12～13d,较PM延长10～11d。地膜覆盖使糜子拔节前0—200cm土层的土壤含水量增加,随糜子生育进程的推进,3种处理的耗水量依次为:PM>PMS>CK。在抽穗前,PM的地上生物量最大,其次为PMS,CK最小;在收获期,PMS的生物量和籽粒产量均显著高于PM。PM和PMS的产量较CK分别在2009和2010年提高了83.53%和64.56%,115.51%和84.47%;与PM处理相比,PMS的糜子产量在2009年和2010年提高了17.42%,18.18%,但两个处理的土壤耗水量在2a均无显著差异。因此,通过覆盖降低棵间蒸发是提高旱地糜子产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的主要途径。通过覆盖方式的选择来调控糜子的发育进程和耗水过程,对提高糜子产量和WUE也有重要意义。     

Temporal changes in seabird assemblage structure and trait diversity in the Rapa Nui (Easter Island) multiple-use marine protected area

1. For Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and its largest islet, Motu Nui, the change of the species assemblage over time was analysed, and a trait-based approach to evaluate the potential losses in seabird function across the past centuries was applied. At a finer scale, the seasonal changes in seabird species composition in the current seabird assemblage was assessed to better understand the dynamics of the long-term inferred patterns.
2. For Rapa Nui, the composition of the seabird assemblage between the prehistorical, historical, and current time has changed significantly. The most critical change, probably associated with human colonization, was observed between prehistoric and current times. The current diminished number of nesting seabird species was probably the result of local extirpation without evidence of colonization by new species.
3. For Motu Nui, changes in species composition were also followed by changes in trait structure, which were smaller than observed in Rapa Nui. This is probably due to the presence of a relatively high number of related species (i.e. Procellariids) with high similarities in their foraging behaviour.
4. The nesting seabird assemblages in Rapa Nui and Motu Nui differ in exposure to risk; thus, conservation strategies applied to the islands should be planned on a fine spatial scale. For Rapa Nui, which is an urban wildlife area with several invasive species and a low number of remaining native seabird species, management should focus on fencing and pets control. For Motu Nui, management should instead focus on the establishment of quarantine and other biosecurity tools to avoid both the entry and proliferation of new invasive species.

     

基于输出系数模型的丹江口库区非点源污染时空模拟

在南水北调中线工程水源地丹江口库区,以1990、2000和2007年3期LandsatTM影像为基础,通过实地考察,解译出土地利用图,辅以DEM、气象数据及相关社会经济资料,在ArcGIS支持下,使用输出系数模型对库区3期非点源污染进行空间模拟。研究结果表明:3年库区非点源污染TN负荷总量依次为3.325万、3.379万和3.710万t;TP负荷总量分别为0.167万、0.169万和0.186万t。TN、TP最大来源分别是旱地和人类生活排放。河南淅川县污染负荷强度最大,应列为重点治理区域。     

Science and conservation of Amazonian crocodilians: a historical review

1. Crocodilians represent one of the oldest extant vertebrate lineages. They have co-existed with humans throughout the Amazon basin for thousands of years, often having a strong cultural and economic influence on people's lives. Shifts in the socio-economic and political reality of the Amazon basin during the last century have led crocodilian populations to face large variations in their numbers according to different levels of exploitation and strategies for their conservation.
2. This article reviews the scientific knowledge obtained between 1945 and 2019 on the biology, conservation and management for the four Amazonian crocodilian (caiman) species (Caiman crocodilus, Melanosuchus niger, Paleosuchus palpebrosus and Paleosuchus trigonatus). It provides a general overview on past and current population status and research efforts involving caimans in the Amazon basin and discusses perspectives for the future.
3. The most significant studies on the ecology, genetics and management strategies are examined in more detail and this information is contextualized to provide an overview of the most relevant findings that might explain caiman population trends over the last 75 years.
4. Systems for sustainable management in the Amazon basin have been discussed for the past 20 years, but remain rarely applicable. It is necessary to develop new ways to maintain healthy caiman populations through innovative management programmes. Sustainable harvesting of wildlife has been shown to promote conservation targets, especially those initiatives based on community co-management. In this article, we propose some general guidelines for future management schemes, in the expectation that the information provided by the scientific community will be considered fully without political agendas determining the priorities.

     

旱作棉田渗水地膜覆盖的生态及产量效应研究

采用地膜创新产品——渗水地膜,以普通地膜及露地为对照,对渗水地膜覆盖棉田后土壤水分、温度、通透性等生态因子的变化及其对棉花生理性状及产量的影响进行了初步探讨。结果表明:(1)渗水地膜覆盖除具有普通地膜的增温、保水、提墒以及改善土壤理化性状等作用外,更具有普通地膜所不具有的从膜面垂直入渗降水的作用,使全生育期土壤含水量具较高水平,水分供应充足,同时,由于渗水地膜的微通气作用,使土壤容重降低,孔隙度提高,气相比例增加,土壤通透性增强,土壤温度较为稳定。(2)渗水地膜覆盖进一步改善了棉田土壤水分、温度及通透性等生态环境,为棉花生长发育和产量形成提供了良好的生活条件。从多项生理指标的变化看出,棉花植株抗逆性增强。渗水地膜进一步提高了棉花覆盖栽培的增产潜力。(3)在北部特早熟棉区降水较多的年景下,渗水地膜覆盖棉花产量比露地增产22.3%,比普通地膜增产12.1%,增产效果显著。渗水地膜比普通地膜增产主要在于铃重的增加,普通地膜比露地的增产主要得益于衣分的提高,渗水地膜比露地的增产是得益于铃重及衣分的共同作用。渗水地膜与普通地膜相比并未增加投资。(4)在同等条件下,渗水地膜总耗水量比露地降低10.1%,比普通地膜降低6.5%。水分利用率比露地提高36.7%,比普通地膜提高20.7%,此结果对北方半干旱地区旱作棉花提高降水利用率及新疆内陆棉区灌溉条件下的棉田节水均有重要参考价值。