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51.
The freshwater snails belonging to the genus Melanoides Olivier, 1804 are widespread across tropical regions of the world and endemic species have evolved in the African Lakes Malawi, Mweru and Tanganyika. The endemic Melanoides species of Lake Malawi have been investigated several times during the last century, due to their large conchological variation, but no unambiguous answer regarding the number of species has been given. The phylogenetic relationship between morphs or genetic clones of Melanoides in Lake Malawi was inferred by phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial genes 16S and COI. Additional sequences from GenBank were included to investigate the relationship to other morphs from different parts of the world. For the first time, a putative secondary structure was developed for a partial region of 16S in this genus to identify the variability of the secondary structure in stems and loops. The molecular analyses indicated that several genetic clones exist in Lake Malawi and that M. tuberculata is a paraphyletic taxon. It is not clear from the results whether invasions or dispersals account for the complex situation in Lake Malawi. The basal position of M. admirabilis, endemic to Lake Tanganyika, in the inferred phylogeny indicates that Africa might be the origin of the genus. The results further indicate that three major clades of Melanoides, consisting of several genetic clones, are present in Lake Malawi; one clade consisting of invasive M. tuberculata, another of native M. tuberculata and a third consisting of the M. polymorpha- complex. It appears as if the unique development of morphs within the Melanoides genus in Lake Malawi has evolved primarily by divergence of genetic clones instead of species differentiation.  相似文献   
52.
Calgranulin A (S100A8) and B (S100A9) are found at high levels in inflamed tissue and have been associated with acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Calgranulins are discussed as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). To analyze the role of calgranulins for inflammatory responses, bovine S100A8 and S100A9 were cloned, successfully expressed and FPLC-purified. Both molecules did not induce NF-κB activation in boTLR4-transfected HEK293 cells and stimulation of bovine monocytes with both proteins did not result in interleukin 1β (IL-1β) secretion or an upregulated mRNA expression of selected genes (IL1B, TNF, CXCL8, IL10, IL12). However, Interferon γ (IFN-γ) primed bovine monocytes released significantly higher amounts of IL-1β after stimulation with S100A8, S100A9, and co-stimulation with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In IL-4/IL-13-primed monocytes, the IL-1β release was completely abrogated. The results imply that TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB-independent S100A8/A9-mediated activation of the inflammasome in cattle is favored in a Th1 environment and that S100A8 and S100A9 act as a DAMP in cattle.  相似文献   
53.
克隆奶牛S100A12基因并在大肠杆菌中高效表达.采用RT-PCR扩增奶牛外周血白细胞中S100A12基因,构建原核表达载体pCold TF-S100A12,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中IPTG诱导表达并纯化.SDS-PAGE和Westernblotting分析显示S100A12基因以融合蛋白形式表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的46.7%,纯化的重组蛋白(80 mg/L).琼脂扩散法测定重组蛋白对乳腺炎主要致病菌大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性.结果显示:重组蛋白对大肠杆菌有抗菌活性,而对金黄色葡萄球菌无抗菌活性.本研究为S100A12蛋白抗体制备及基因功能研究奠定了基础.  相似文献   
54.
3R在免疫功能评价实验中应用的研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
利用实验中有共性的程序和个性特点来进行组合式设计的方法,对某受试的保健食品进行免疫功能的测定。结果用 160 只小鼠就完成了 8 个项目 9 项指标的实验。表明采用组合式设计的方法,既可以完成免疫实验所要求的各项指标,又达到减少和优化的目的。  相似文献   
55.
近年来乳粉中添加益生菌逐渐成为研究热点之一,为保证产品质量和安全,建立乳粉中发酵乳杆菌CECT5716的微生物检测方法。结果表明:在以缓冲蛋白胨水为稀释液进行10 倍系列稀释后,采用MRS平板涂布法,(36±1) ℃厌氧培养(48±2) h后,乳粉中发酵乳杆菌可准确计数,且能与乳粉中添加的双歧杆菌属细菌明显区分;该方法较GB 4789.35—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 乳酸菌检验》方法更适合发酵乳杆菌计数,具有区分度高、培养时间短、操作简单、重复性好、准确性高的优点;该方法增加了菌株16S rDNA序列测定,以进一步对发酵乳杆菌进行分子鉴定;通过对20 份自制样品进行检测评价,表明所建立的方法与国标方法的准确性无显著性差异(P=0.127)。  相似文献   
56.
根据GenBank中乳酸杆菌16 S~23 S rRNA基因间沉默区序列设计引物,进一步鏊定猪源乳酸杆菌分离株HZ521;并通过体外试验,以嗜酸乳酸杆菌ATCC 4356为参考菌株,探讨HZ521株的益生素作用.部分16 S~23 S rRNA基因序列同源性分析结果表明,该分离株属于瑞士乳酸杆菌.HZ521株具有较强的产酸能力,能耐受强酸,对Hela细胞的黏附率为87.2%,显著高于ATCC 4356株(P<0.01).表明瑞士乳酸杆菌HZ521株具有益生素特性,可作为肠道益生素的候选菌株.  相似文献   
57.
The authors construct a microcanonical ensemble system and analyzes the phase change of the two-dimensional Ising model Cellular Automata Q2R/WQ2R method. The result indicates that the numerical value simulation can show the spontaneous magnetization of two-dimensional crystal lattice in isolated system. The authors have observed the critical phase transition phenomenon and gotten the critical energy. The simulation of three-dimensional Ising model can be grounded on the method that this article establishes.  相似文献   
58.
“3S”技术在草地鼠虫害监测与预测中的应用   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
日益严重的草地鼠虫害,己成为引发草原退化、沙化、水土流失的重要因素之一,并威胁我国草地畜牧业的可持续发展。"3S"技术作为一种综合性技术手段,具有探测范围广、信息量大、成本低、受地面条件限制和人为因素影响小等特点,可实现对各种空间信息和环境信息的快速、机动、准确、可靠的收集、处理与更新。这一技术与地面调查资料的结合,不仅加快了对草地资源的宏观监测速度,而且能够快速、准确地反映草地鼠虫害的变化动态。结合鼠虫害发生的特点,重点概述了运用"3S"技术对草地鼠虫害进行监测的原理、方法及存在的问题,并分析了该领域未来的研究重点和"3S"技术的应用前景。  相似文献   
59.
《African Zoology》2013,48(2):291-298
The amphibian Amietophrynus regularis is distributed throughout equatorial Africa, with presumed introduced populations in the Cape Verde archipelago. Portions of the 12S and 16S rRNA mitochondrial regions of 30 specimens from Kenya, Uganda, Niger, Mali, Burkina-Faso, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde were used to assess genetic diversity and to identify the most probable geographic origin for the introduction of this toad on the latter archipelago. Two lineages with 1.4% genetic divergence between them were identified in western and eastern Africa. All sequences from the different Cape Verde Islands were identical to each other and to the Guinea-Bissau samples, indicating, together with other historical evidences, that an anthropogenic introduction event probably occurred, possibly from Guinea-Bissau, but further work is needed to confirm this. As previously noted, several individuals from previous genetic studies seem to have been misidentified.  相似文献   
60.
To evaluate the effects of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on growth, immunity indexes, fecal flora, and fecal odor in mice, 40 mice were randomly allotted to four groups, and each was administrated with nothing, S. platensis, probiotics, or both for 28 days, respectively. Then, many indexes were measured. The results showed that S. platensis was more effective (P < 0.001) than probiotics in improving mice's feed conversion ration (FCR). In immunity, probiotics administration increased (P < 0.042) serum IgE, IgM, IFN-γ, colonic AHR, TLR4, and NF-κB protein expression and decreased (P < 0.039) serum IL-1α, IL-21, IL-22, and colonic ARNT gene expression. However, the S. platensis showed weaker effect, which increased (P < 0.025) the serum IgE, IgM, TNF-α, and the colonic AHR and NF-κB protein expression, and decreased (P < 0.01) serum IL-21. Probiotics consumption decreased the fecal odor by decreasing (P < 0.02) fecal Escherichia coli, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and skatole contents, and the S. platensis decreased (P = 0.04) the IAA. These results indicated that oral administration of probiotics, S. platensis, or both of them in mice probably benefited body's immunity and reduced fecal odor. However, their mechanisms were still unclear and need further study.  相似文献   
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