抗生素微生物检定法测定黄霉素预混剂的含量

采用抗生素微生物检定法测定黄霉素预混剂的含量,方法的线性范围为1.832～8.736黄霉素单位/mL,r=0.999 3,加样回收率为99.3%,RSD为0.8%(n=10).本方法具有专属性、准确性、重现性好等优点.     

益生素和中草药在乌骨鸡生产中替代抗生素的研究

选1日龄泰和乌骨鸡279只,随机分为3组,分别为抗生素对照组(添加金霉素)、试验一组(添加益生素)、试验二组(添加中草药),每组设3个重复,每个重复34只鸡;试验分两个阶段(即0～5周和6～10周),共70天。结果表明:益生素组和中草药组的日增重、料肉比、死亡率及腹泻率比对照组均有显著的改善(P<0.05)。     

Innate immunity and host defense peptides in veterinary medicine

Recent years have witnessed a surge in interest directed at innate immune mechanisms. Proper conceptualization of the key elements of innate immunity, however, is still a work in progress, because most research in immunology traditionally has been focused on components of the acquired immune response. The question of why an animal stays healthy in a world filled with many dangers is perhaps as interesting as why it sometimes surrenders to disease. Consequently, studies with an increased focus on inborn mechanisms of animal host defense may help further the development of appropriate preventative and therapeutic measures in veterinary medicine. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are central effector molecules of innate immunity, and are produced by virtually all living species throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. These gene-encoded peptides play a central role in multiple, clinically relevant disease processes. Imbalances in the expression of HDPs can lead to overt pathology in different organ systems and cell types in all species studied. In addition, HDPs are an ancient group of innate chemical protectors, which are now evaluated as model molecules for the development of novel natural antibiotics and immunoregulatory compounds. This review provides an overview of HDPs and is aimed at veterinary practitioners as well as basic researchers with an interest in comparative immunology involving small and large animal species.     

中华鳖稚鳖对三种抗生素的耐受力测试报告

采用药浴、口灌及注射的给药方式检测了中华鳖稚鳖对红霉素（ＥＭ）、氯霉素（ＣＰ）和土霉素（ＯＴＣ）的耐受力,结果表明用３种抗生素药物以５０００μｇ／ｍＬ药浴,按体重计用１０００μｇ／ｇ口灌和５００μｇ／ｇ（ＣＰ为２００μｇ／ｇ）注射,中华鳖稚鳖均能耐受,表明中华鳖稚鳖对供试抗生素具有较强的耐受力。     

肉桂精油的生理功能及其在畜禽健康中的应用研究进展

畜牧业长期使用抗生素导致细菌的耐药性和在动物体内的储留,严重损害了畜禽健康.肉桂精油具有多种生理、药理作用,作为新型绿色饲料添加剂的开发前景广阔.本文分析了肉桂精油的成分,从抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎等方面综述了肉桂精油的生理功能及其作用机制,并对肉桂精油及其主要活性成分肉桂醛作为饲料添加剂在畜禽健康中的应用进行了评价,为肉桂...     

Effects of dietary levels of essential oil extracts from Moringa oleifera and Artemisia afra on kidney histology,haemato‐immunological parameters and disease resistance in Clarias gariepinus

This experiment investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with essential oils from Artemisia afra and Moringa oleifera on haemato‐immunological parameters and resistance in Clarias gariepinus (African Sharptooth catfish) (Burchell, 1822) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The experiment lasted for 45 days. Prior to and postchallenge, white blood cells significantly increased (p < .05) from the 3% to 12% M. oleifera and A. afra supplementation. Pre‐challenge, no significant differences (p > .05) in red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit were observed between the control and M. oleifera supplementation, while in the A. afra supplementation, RBC and HCT significantly increased from the 6% to 12%. Postchallenge, RBC, HGB and HCT were significantly lower (p < .05) in the control and the 3% and 6% M. oleifera and A. afra supplementation. Both pre‐ and postchallenge, nitro‐blue tetrazolium levels significantly increased (p < .05) from the 3% to 12% M. oleifera supplementation while no significant differences (p > .05) were observed in lysozyme activity between the control and treatment groups. In A. afra, NBT and lysozyme activities increased significantly (p < .05) from the 6% to 12% supplementation pre‐ and postchallenge. Survival rate increased from the 3% to 12% in M. oleifera and A. afra supplementation groups. Significant kidney histological alterations were noted in the control and the 3% and 6% supplementation of both plants postchallenge, while no major histological changes were observed between treatment groups and the control pre‐challenge. The results demonstrate that EO from M. oleifera and A. afra can improve immunity and enhance survival in C. gariepinus.     

FliZ调控枯草芽孢杆菌Bs916生物膜形成 及其对水稻纹枯病的防治效果

【目的】发掘并鉴定枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）Bs916生物膜形成调控新基因,检测其对Bs916生物膜形成能力和对水稻纹枯病防治效果的影响。【方法】利用基因同源重组技术构建fliZ基因位点的单敲除突变株,通过干重分析法来验证其生物膜形成的缺陷;利用平板对峙试验检测fliZ突变株和Bs916对水稻纹枯病菌（Rhizoctonia solani）的抑菌效果;利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测fliZ突变株和Bs916中影响防治效果的3种脂肽类抗生素表面活性素、杆菌霉素L和泛革素的相对产量;利用绿色荧光标记技术构建Bs916与fliZ突变株的GFP标记菌株,观察两者在水稻茎秆定殖能力变化;检测fliZ突变株和Bs916对水稻纹枯病的防治效果。【结果】成功构建了fliZ位点单敲除突变株,与对照组Bs916的三维立体结构生物膜相比仅能形成平面二维结构生物膜,呈现破碎状态,证明其生物膜形成存在显著缺陷;对生物膜干重进行定量分析发现fliZ突变株生物膜干重仅为对照组Bs916的23%,进一步验证了fliZ突变株生物膜形成能力显著下降;游动性试验发现fliZ突变株菌体扩展直径仅为Bs916的32%,证明fliZ突变株的游动能力显著下降;抑菌试验显示两者抑菌带宽基本一致,证明fliZ突变株对水稻纹枯病菌的抑菌能力与Bs916相比无显著差异;成功检测了fliZ突变株和Bs916合成的3种脂肽类抗生素表面活性素、杆菌霉素L和泛革素的相对产量,fliZ突变株中杆菌霉素L相对产量显著增加1倍,而表面活性素和泛革素相对产量与Bs916相比无显著差异;水稻茎秆定殖试验发现fliZ突变株菌体数量显著低于Bs916,在水稻纹枯病病斑附近不出现显著的聚集效应,呈现无序分布状态,证明fliZ突变株与Bs916相比在水稻茎秆上的定殖能力显著下降;对水稻纹枯病的田间防治效果试验显示,fliZ突变株第6—15天防治效果介于6.0%—20.7%,显著低于Bs916的36.0%—57.6%,证明fliZ突变株对水稻纹枯病防治效果显著下降。【结论】鉴定的Bs916生物膜新调控基因fliZ位于控制鞭毛运动的信号通路,直接作用于菌体的游动与扩张,显著单一调控生物膜形成与对水稻纹枯病的防治效果。     

鸭疫里默氏菌对氟喹诺酮药物的主动外排作用

为研究鸭疫里默氏菌对诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星等氟喹诺酮类药物的主动外排机制,测定25株鸭疫里默氏菌临床分离株对氟喹诺酮类药物的最低抑菌浓度（M IC ）,同时测定加入主动外排抑制剂碳酰氰间氯苯腙（CCCP）后的MIC ,对二者进行比较分析。结果表明,对5种氟喹诺酮类药物耐药的鸭疫里默氏菌比例分别为84％、72％、76％、68％和36％;76％的菌株同时耐受2种及以上药物。CCCP可以使耐药菌对除左氧氟沙星外药物的敏感性增加,提示主动外排在鸭疫里默氏菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制中发挥重要的作用。     

Marinopyrrole Derivatives as Potential Antibiotic Agents against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (II)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) continues to be a major problem, causing severe and intractable infections worldwide. MRSA is resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics, and alternative treatments are limited. A very limited number of new antibiotics have been discovered over the last half-century, novel agents for the treatment of MRSA infections are urgently needed. Marinopyrrole A was reported to show antibiotic activity against MRSA in 2008. After we reported the first total synthesis of (±)-marinopyrrole A, we designed and synthesized a series of marinopyrrole derivatives. Our structure activity relationship (SAR) studies of these novel derivatives against a panel of Gram-positive pathogens in antibacterial assays have revealed that a para-trifluoromethyl analog (33) of marinopyrrole A is ≥63-, 8-, and 4-fold more potent than vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and MRSA, respectively. The results provide valuable information in the search for new-generation antibiotics.     

Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp. in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and Artemia

Use of antibiotics for the control of bacterial diseases in shrimp culture has caused several adverse impacts to the industry. This has resulted in the search for alternative environment friendly approaches to overcome bacterial infections. This study was conducted to investigate the use of beneficial bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. Ten pathogenic bacterial species isolated from shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and Artemia cysts were tested for susceptibility to indigenous marine Bacillus subtilis AB65, Bacillus pumilus AB58, Bacillus licheniformis AB69 and compared with oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and bacitracin, which are common antibiotics used in Asian aquaculture. The Bacillus spp. were isolated from the local marine environment for bioremediation use in shrimp hatcheries and were proven to reduce total ammonium nitrogen. The pathogenic bacterial isolates were 90% susceptible to B. subtilis AB65, 70% susceptible to B. pumilus AB58 and B. licheniformis AB69 and 100% susceptible to oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol and gentamicin but only 40% to bacitracin. Two representative isolates of the vibrio group, Vibrio alginolyticus VaM11 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus VpM1, when tested for competitive exclusion by a common broth method using the marine Bacillus spp., showed decreased viable counts from 10(8) to 10(2) cfu mL(-1). The results suggest that the action of the marine bacteria appears to be significant in protecting the host shrimp against pathogenic bacteria. In addition to the alternative use of antibiotics, the selected marine bacteria had additional bioremediation properties of reducing ammonia.