Litter decomposition of Acacia auriculiformis Cunn. Ex Benth. and Acacia mangium Willd. under coconut trees on quaternary sandy soils in Ivory Coast

Litter decomposition of Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia mangium on sandy soil under coconut trees was studied in a field trial using the litterbag technique. The study was conducted during 2001 and 2002 in Ivory Coast. Litterbags containing 450 g of dried leaves and 450 g of dried small stems were set up in two coconut plantations of different ages, 3 and 20 years old. Dry matter weight and concentrations of total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and C/N ratio were determined at 90, 180, 270, and 360 days. The decomposition rate constant (k) and the half-life time decomposition of dry matter (T ¹/₂) were calculated. The study showed that A. auriculiformis and A. mangium have the same rate of decomposition on each coconut plantation. The k value varied from −1.592 day⁻¹ to −1.492 day⁻¹. The half-life time decomposition value of dry matter (T ¹/₂) ranged from 283 to 301 days. Nitrogen was released between 0 and 180 days with an N concentration for A. auriculiformis and A. mangium varying from 2.03 to 1.80% and 1.97 to 1.79%, respectively. After 180 days, the litters immobilized N. Phosphorus and Mg were released faster from A. mangium than from A. auriculiformis. A positive correlation was found between the N concentration of each Acacia species and the litter dry weight at 90 and 180 days. Likewise, C/N ratio was positively correlated with litter dry weight at 90 days.     

Holocene paleosols and colluvial sediments in Northeast Tibet (Qinghai Province,China): Properties,dating and paleoenvironmental implications

Colluvial deposits consisting of silts and loams were detected in several climatologically different areas of NE Tibet (3200–3700 m a.s.l.). Layering, distinct organic content and low content of coarse matter as well as location in the relief revealed an origin from low-energy slope erosion (hillwash). Underlying and intercalated paleosols were classified as Chernozems, Phaeozems, Regosols and Fluvisols. Fifteen radiocarbon datings predominant on charcoal from both colluvial layers and paleosols yielded ages between 8988 ± 66 and 3512 ± 56 uncal BP. Natural or anthropogenic factors could have been the triggers of the erosional processes derived. It remains unclear which reason was mainly responsible, due to controversial paleoclimatic and geomorphic records as well as insufficient archaeological knowledge from this region. Determinations of charcoal and fossil wood revealed the Holocene occurrence of tree species (spruce, juniper) for areas which nowadays have no trees or only few forest islands. Thus large areas of NE Tibet which are at present steppes and alpine pastures were forested in the past.     

Palynology of late Quaternary coastal sediments, Perak, Malaysia

Twenty eight samples of peat, clay and silty clay from a tin mine exposure near Pantai Remis, Perak, Malaysia, were palynologically analyzed. Six pollen zones and eight subzones were delineated based on the dominant floral components. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon and thermoluminescence datings on selected samples indicate late Pleistocene and older age. The occurrence ofPodocarpus imbricatus pollen suggests that the deposit is no older than late Pliocene. The fluctuation of sea level during the late Pleistocene is believed to be the main factor that influenced the development of vegetation at the Pantai Remis area. The presence of mangrove peat at depths between 13.0 m and 14.0 m, which overlies a freshwaterPandanus peat, indicates the position of a former shoreline at Pantai Remis when the area was inundated sometime during the last interglacial marine incursion. During this period of high sea level, thePandanus swamp was probably being gradually replaced by mangrove vegetation. The mangrove sequence is regarded as equivalent to the Kempadang formation. A slight drop in sea level sometime during the last glacial interstadial stage probably caused a small, open alluvial swamp to be developed over the mangrove forest. This freshwater deposit may be the equivalent of the Simpang formation.     

河北邯郸HZ-S孔第四纪沉积物粒度特征分析

对河北邯郸HZ-S孔第四纪沉积物样品采用MS-2000型激光粒度分析仪进行测试和系统的粒度分析,研究结果表明:沉积物总体形成于水动力平稳低能的河湖相沉积环境。与典型的古洪水平流沉积物粒度特征进行对比,显示具有古洪水平流沉积特征。物质来源主要是以洪水为介质动力的河流冲积物(或洪积物),沉积物组成总体以粉砂为主,主要由悬移质构成,沉积物分选较好,粒度分布多为单峰型。其次是以地表径流为介质动力的陆源碎屑物质,由于短距离搬运,造成沉积物分选较差,跃移组分较多,粒度分布多为双峰型。纵向上沉积物平均粒径与<32μm细颗粒级百分含量呈同步正相变化,其大小主要受<4μm的粘土含量变化所控制。     

Evolution of the lowest amazon basin modeled from the integration of geological and SRTM topographic data

Morphologic features obtained from SRTM data, integrated with geologic information, are emphasized in this paper in order to provide the basis for understanding the development of the lowest Amazon drainage basin, focusing on the history of one of the largest Amazonian tributaries, the Tocantins River, and on the origin of the Marajó Island, throughout the Quaternary. This approach led to the recognition of a fan morphology related to the record of a tectonically controlled N/NW–S/SE orientated paleovalley cut down into Miocene and older rocks. The incised valley was fed by a paleo Tocantins River, which deposited its sediment load continuously to the north–northwest, reaching the Marajó Island and producing a deposit with a fan-morphology during the Plio–Pleistocene/Pleistocene. As characterized in the SRTM images, this channel system became abandoned due to capture by NE–SW orientated faults and establishment of the Pará River by W–E strike slip movements. This event, which probably took place in the Mid-Holocene, was responsible for the detachment of the Marajó Island from the mainland.     

皖南网纹红土的剖面风化特征及其古气候意义

气候变化下土壤物质过程的响应特征是全球变化研究的重要主题。选取安徽宣城剖面,通过元素分析,对其风化强度特征进行了研究。结合与黄土高原第四纪黄土、古土壤、江苏镇江下蜀土以及江西九江红土等典型风成堆积剖面的对比分析,得出以下结论:(1)宣城红土剖面经历了高强度的化学风化作用,长石损失殆尽,进一步的风化作用已导致其含K矿物(黑云母、伊利石和钾长石)的分解,次生粘土矿物以高岭石为主。此外,宣城红土与其他剖面相比,显著强于镇江下蜀土,远强于洛川黄土与古土壤,而与九江红土的风化程度较为相近。(2)在地形、母岩等条件相似的情况下,气候(特别是温度和降水量)是控制化学风化程度的主要因素,并且与温度相比降水因素可能起着更为重要的制约作用。(3)在地质历史时期,宣城→镇江→洛川,随着地域的北移,气候环境向干冷方向发展。(4)BA,Na/K和硅铁铝率的剖面变化特征揭示,中更新世早、中期,气候相对温暖潮湿,之后气候总体恶化,向干冷方向发展。但在此过程中,伴随着大姑-庐山间冰期和末次间冰期的到来气候又出现过两次短暂的回暖过程,并且在晚更新世早期呈现兼有干湿交替的特征。     

安徽省南部第四纪红色粘土的成因

The particle-size distribution,heavy mineral constituents and rare earth elements(REE) characteristics of the Quaternary red clay of southern Anhui Province were studied to explore the origin of the clay.The results showed that the clay had some properties of areolian deposits,which could be compared with,those of the loess in North China ;and its chondrite-normalized curves of REE were similar to those of the Xiashu loess implying tha they shared the same orighin.It was concluded in combination with the results rported by other researchers that the Quaternary red clay of southern Anhui Province originated from aolian deposts, and this could reveal the cycles of warm and cold climates in the area during the Quaternary period.     

Detecting a leachate plume in an aeolian sand landscape using a DUALEM‐421 induction probe to measure electrical conductivity followed by inversion modelling

Solid waste poses a serious health risk when it is disposed of inadequately because water‐based solutions derived from the decomposition of solid waste products (leachate) can enter groundwater systems via plumes. To assess the public health risk and potential ecological impacts, we require knowledge on the pedological and hydrogeological settings in which waste is disposed. This is particularly the case in coarse textured highly permeable soil. To rapidly collect data, geophysical methods such as direct current (dc) resistivity techniques have been used. Moreover, non‐contact electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have also been employed. The aim of this research was to demonstrate how the inversion using a 1‐dimensional inversion algorithm with lateral constraints of the apparent electrical conductivity (σ_a) measured in the horizontal coplanar (HCP) and perpendicular co‐planar arrays (PRP) of a DUALEM‐421 EM induction probe can be used to develop a two‐dimensional model of the true electrical conductivity (σ) within a Quaternary aeolian sand in the Tuggerah Soil Landscape southeast of Sydney in Australia. Our results from 2D models of σ accord with estimates of bulk electrical conductivity (σ_b) of a leachate plume and uncontaminated groundwater, the stratigraphy of the Tuggerah soil landscape unit and the depth of sand used to landscape the decommissioned landfill. Further research is needed to determine the origin of the plume and a quasi‐3D modelling approach is applicable.     

三种铜-季铵盐防腐剂的抗流失性及对木材材色的影响

研究了3种季铵盐与铜复配后的防腐剂的抗流失性和对木材材色的影响。结果表明：3种防腐剂均在较低温度下后续固着效果较好。后续固着温度为15℃，处理药液浓度为0.5%的条件下，FFJ－2的固着效果最好。但处理后对材色的影响较大。