Identification of QTLs associated with salinity tolerance at late growth stage in barley

Salinity is a major abiotic stress to barley (Hordum vulgare L.) growth and yield. In the current study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yield and physiological components at the late growth stage under salt stress and non-stress environments were determined in barley using a double haploid population derived from a cross between CM72 (salt-tolerant) and Gairdner (salt-sensitive). A total of 30 QTLs for 10 traits, including tiller numbers (TN), plant height, spikes per line (SPL), spikes per plant (SPP), dry weight per plant, grains per plant, grain yield, shoot Na⁺ (NA) and K⁺ concentraitions (K) in shoot, and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio (NAK), were detected, with 17 and 13 QTLs under non-stress and salt stress, respectively. The phenotypic variation explained by individual QTL ranged from 3.25 to 29.81%. QTL flanked by markers bPb-1278 and bPb-8437 on chromosomes 4H was associated with TN, SPL, and SPP under salt stress. This locus may be useful in the breeding program of marker-assisted selection for improving salt tolerance of barley. However, QTLs associated with NA, K, and NAK differed greatly between non-stress and salt stress environments. It may be suggested that only the QTLs detected under salt stress are really associated with salt tolerance in barley. D. Xue and Y. Huang contributed equally to the article.     

稻米品质性状与产量性状及籼粳分化度的相互关系研究

通过QTL的连锁关系和性状相关性研究表明,供试的籼粳重组自交系群体的籼粳分化程度与籼、粳稻的直链淀粉含量高低无直接关系,籼粳分化度与胶稠度、碱消值、蛋白质和粗脂肪含量之间呈现显著相关和密切连锁关系;直链淀粉含量的高低不是影响稻米食味品质的关键因素,胶稠度和碱消值是影响稻米食味品质的最重要因素;单株产量越高,     

深施型液肥对靶点施装置设计与试验

针对液肥穴深施机具存在施肥位置不准确等问题,结合机械结构设计和自动控制技术,设计了一种深施型液肥对靶点施装置,该装置包括液肥深施开沟器和液肥对靶点施控制系统。设计液肥深施开沟器,构建了开沟器与土壤间力学接触模型和土粒质点运动学模型,确定了开沟器结构参数,解析了扰土和回土原理,应用EDEM软件建立开沟器-土壤离散元仿真模型,验证了液肥深施开沟器结构可行性。以单片机为核心开发一种液肥对靶点施系统,光电传感器感知作物植株位置,测速模块实时监测装置作业速度,单片机结合作物植株位置信息和作业速度控制电磁阀启闭,实现液肥对靶点施作业。通过田间试验验证了装置作业性能,在作业速度为0.4～1.0m/s时,平均回土深度52.8mm,平均对靶率84.03%,装置回土性能和对靶喷肥性能稳定,满足液肥深施农艺要求。     

农用无人机移动补给平台自主降落算法与试验

为实现根据无人机作业位置改变中途补充能源或喷洒物的起降地点,增加无人机有效作业时间,提高无人机作业效率,设计了无人机移动补给平台。通过研究农用无人机自主降落过程,提出一种基于模糊逻辑和比例积分微分(Proportional-integral and derivative,PID)分段控制的农用无人机跟踪降落算法,该算法既拥有PID算法的高精度,又兼顾模糊控制算法响应速度快、超调量小、鲁棒性强的优点。目标轨迹跟踪预测由粒子滤波器跟踪算法和轨迹拟合算法相结合进行求解。仿真和现场试验表明,与单一的PID算法和模糊逻辑算法相比,分段控制算法能够把农用无人机对移动补给平台的跟踪误差缩小到6. 7 cm以内,在移动补给平台上的降落精度控制在7. 2 cm以内。     

改进RetinaNet的刺梨果实图像识别

为实现加工车间刺梨果实的快速识别,提出一种基于改进的RetinaNet刺梨果实图像的识别方法。基于RetinaNet的模型,对RetinaNet框架中Focal loss的bias进行改进,使其能根据不同的情况控制bias的取值,再运用维度聚类算法找出Anchor的较好尺寸并匹配到相对应的特征层,对卷积神经网络结构进行优化。通过改进RetinaNet目标检测算法对7426幅刺梨果实图像进行检测识别,并与原始RetinaNet目标检测算法对比。试验结果表明:改进的RetinaNet网络模型识别方法对6类刺梨果实的识别率分别为99.47%、91.42%、96.92%、90.92%、96.89%和93.53%,平均识别率为94.86%;相对于原始RetinaNet目标检测算法,改进算法的识别准确率提高4.21%,单个刺梨果实检测时间由60.99 ms缩减到57.91 ms,检测时间缩短5.05%。本文改进算法对加工车间刺梨果实的识别具有较高的正确率和实用性。     

基于深度学习和图像处理的水果收获机器人抓取系统

首先,介绍了水果收获机器人抓取系统的总体架构;然后,利用深度学习对水果目标识别进行了研究,实现了一套基于卷积神经网络的目标检测算法;接着,利用图像处理技术实现了对目标物体定位的功能,可以引导水果收获机器人完成对目标水果的采摘。实验结果表明:水果收获机器人抓取系统对水果坐标的计算误差较小,且具备较强的水果识别和定位能力。     

Identification of QTLs related to sugar and organic acid composition in melon using near-isogenic lines

The soluble sugar and organic acid composition of melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit flesh has become a major focus of plant breeding worldwide in an attempt to improve taste. Thus, sugar and organic acid profiles were characterized using near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from the Spanish cultivar Piel de Sapo (PS) and the exotic Korean accession Shongwan Charmi (PI 161375). Fruits were cultivated in only one environment. These data were used to map 60 quantitative trait loci (QTLs): 18 for individual sugars, eight for sucrose equivalents, five for the glucose-to-fructose ratio, seven for the total sugar content and 21 for organic acids. Within the QTLs that were associated with the sugar profile, 27 defined the sugar content: eight for fructose, six for glucose, four for sucrose, and nine for sucrose equivalents. Although increased sweetness of selected NILs compared with the parental PS was achieved by an increased glucose or fructose content, only glucose heritability was above 0.5. A total of 21 QTLs (two with positive effects and nineteen with detrimental effects compared with the PS levels) controlled the organic acid profile: l-glutamic, ascorbic and succinic acids (the principal ones) and fumaric, citric, oxalacetic, and isocitric acids. The levels of sugars imparted by the PI 161375 introgression frequently decreased the score grades given to NILs by consumers. Within the 32 QTLs mapped for sensory traits, 27 were associated with lower scores in taste (nine QTLs), sweetness (eight QTLs) or global quality appreciation (nine QTLs); two with increased fruit sourness or sweetness and three with increased fruit bitterness. The QTLs defined herein may assist breeders to understand the overall organoleptic balance (sweetness, sourness, and umami taste) in melon fruit, particularly those located within linkage groups III, V, VI, and VIII to XI.     

温室轴流风送药雾靶标沉积试验

为研究药液雾滴在温室靶区内和植株靶标上的沉积量及分布情况,以炮塔式压力雾化轴流风送高压静电喷雾系统为试验平台,在相同风机频率、喷雾压力和喷雾流量条件下,通过改变喷头高度和静电电压对风送药雾进行靶标沉积试验和分析.结果表明:沿风送轴线上距喷头150～200cm靶区内的药雾沉积量都出现一个沉积高峰区;随着静电电压的增大,植株靶标上的药雾沉积量明显增加,荷电后的药液雾滴在风送射程和喷幅内的靶标沉积率显著提高.根据实际喷施作业目标,合理布置喷头高度和调节合适电压,是增加靶标沉积率的重要手段.     

Differences in swimbladder volume between Baltic and Norwegian spring-spawning herring: Consequences for mean target strength

Fish swimbladders, where present, contribute most to the scattering of sound by fish, as measured by the target strength (TS). The volumes of the swimbladders of two different European stocks of Atlantic herring were compared to consider the effect on estimates of TS. Swimbladder volumes of Baltic and Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) were measured, together with individual herring fat content. Swimbladder volumes were found to differ significantly between the two herring stocks. Baltic herring have a larger swimbladder volume, which is suggested to be associated with the fish's low fat content, which in turn may be linked to its specific energy budget and the low salinity of the Baltic Sea. A buoyancy model that considered the different salinity conditions and fat proportions was used to evaluate the observed differences in swimbladder volume. The swimbladder volume data were subsequently used to model the mean target strength as a function of depth and growth pattern. Backscattering of the swimbladder was modelled using the modal-series-based deformed-cylinder model (MSB-DCM), describing the swimbladder as a gas-filled, elongated prolate spheroid. The fish body component was modelled as a fluid-filled ellipsoid using the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA). Modelling results support a different TS-to-size relationship for Baltic herring, with a stronger echo, due to the larger swimbladder. Depth- and length-dependent TS relationships based on the model results are suggested.     

玉米果穗剥皮装置的参数研究

利用自制剥皮装置试验台,选择影响剥皮性能的压送器转速、剥皮辊转速、剥皮辊倾角三个主要参数作为设计变量,通过二次回归通用旋转组合试验和优化设计,得出了各参数的最优组合.为玉米果穗剥皮装置的设计提供了依据.