控制近交和世代离散情况下多性状、多QTL的最优化选择

在世代离散的情形下,应用计算机随机模拟技术研究当候选个体的遗传贡献和施加给QTL的相对权重一起被最优化时,使用多性状、多QTL信息的QTL优化选择所能获得的潜在的额外遗传优势.用一个实际育种猪群的参数进行模拟,选择是直接针对窝产活仔数和达100 kg日龄进行,每个性状都有2个不同效应大小的QTL正在和相应的多基因一起分离.将优化QTL选择与标准QTL选择和常规BLUP选择进行比较发现,综合了遗传贡献优化和QTL相对权重优化的QTL优化选择在固定的近交速率下能增加更多的遗传反应,同时避免了短期和长期选择反应之间的矛盾.     

Genome-wide association studies of preweaning growth and in vivo carcass composition traits in Esme sheep

Sheep are considered as a major contributor of global food security. Moreover, sheep preweaning growth traits as well as in vivo carcass composition traits such as ultrasonic measurements of Longissimus dorsi muscle depth (UMD) and back-fat thickness (UFD) are crucially important indicators of meat yield and hot carcass composition. Despite their relative importance for productivity and profitability of a sheep production system, detected QTL for these traits are quite scarce. Therefore, we implemented GWAS for these traits using animal mixed model-based association approach provided by GenABEL in Esme sheep. Three genome-wide and 14 individual chromosome-wide associated SNPs were discovered. As a result, ESRP1, LOC105613082, ZNF641, DUSP5, TEAD1, SMOX, PTPRT, RALYL, POM121C, PHIP, LOC101106051, ZIM3, PEG3, TRPC7, FBXL4, LOC105610397, LOC105616489 and DNAAF2 were suggested as candidates. Some of the discovered genes and involved pathways were already annotated to contribute growth and development in various species including human, mice and cattle. All in all, the results of this study are expected to strongly contribute to shed a light on the underlying molecular mechanisms behind growth and carcass composition traits, with potential implications on studies aiming faster genetic improvement, targeted low-resolution SNP panel designs and genome-editing studies.     

Real-time PCR genotyping assay for feline erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency and mutant allele frequency in purebred cats in Japan

Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is an inherited glycolytic erythroenzymopathy caused by mutations of the PKLR gene. A causative mutation of the feline PKLR gene was originally identified in Abyssinian and Somali cats in the U.S.A. In the present study, a TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR genotyping assay was developed and evaluated for rapid genotyping and large-scale screening for this mutation. Furthermore, a genotyping survey was carried out in a population of four popular purebred cats in Japan to determine the current mutant allele frequency. The assay clearly displayed all genotypes of feline PK deficiency, indicating its suitability for large-scale survey as well as diagnosis. The survey demonstrated that the mutant allele frequency in Abyssinian and Somali cats was high enough to warrant measures to control and prevent the disease. The mutant allele frequency was relatively low in Bengal and American Shorthair cats; however, the testing should still be carried out to prevent the spread of the disease. In addition, PK deficiency should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of anemia in purebred cats in Japan as well as worldwide.     

利用高密度 Bin 图谱定位水稻叶绿素含量 QTL

【目的】探索水稻叶绿素含量及其对氮肥响应的遗传机理,为氮高效、高光效的水稻品种培育提供新的标记区段。【方法】以珍汕 97× 明恢 63 重组自交系 RIL（F11）113 个家系为 QTL 分析的试验材料,在大田栽培条件下,以施氮量为主区、家系为裂区,设计低氮处理（不施氮肥）和正常氮处理（纯氮130、135 kg/hm2）,分别于水稻移栽后 30 d 测定 1.5 叶的 SPAD 值,于抽穗期测定剑叶的 SPAD 值。利用包含1 619 个 Bin 标记的高密度遗传图谱,使用 IciMapping V3.4 软件和完备区间作图法,定位控制水稻叶片叶绿素含量的 QTL。【结果】在两年、两个氮处理和两个发育时期共检测到 15 个调控叶片叶绿素含量的 QTL,分别分布在第 1、2、3、6、7、10、11 号染色体上。单一 QTL 贡献率为 1.21%~40.74%。通过物理位置比较,发现其中 6个 QTL 已经被克隆或与前人定位到的叶绿素含量相关位点在同一区间。其中,在第 6 染色体的 8.45~9.12 Mb 处定位到 1 个调控抽穗期剑叶叶绿素的位点,命名为 qHDCHL6-1,该位点在两年和两个氮处理下均被检测到,贡献率为 1.55%~28.01%。结合功能注释,共筛选到 4 个与叶绿素代谢密切相关的基因,分别为 LOC_Os06g15370（OsNPF3.1）、LOC_Os06g15420（OsAS2）、LOC_Os06g15620（GAST）和 LOC_Os06g15590,其中前 3 个基因已被鉴定克隆。【结论】共检测到 15 个控制水稻移栽后 30 d 和抽穗期叶片叶绿素含量的 QTL,鉴定了 1 个稳定表达的 QTL 位点 qHDCHL6-1,在该区间筛选到 4 个候选基因。     

甜玉米果皮厚度遗传分析及 QTL 定位

【目的】对甜玉米果皮厚度性状进行主基因 + 多基因遗传分析及 QTL 定位,研究甜玉米果皮厚度 的遗传机理,选育优质甜玉米品种。【方法】选用果皮厚度差异显著的甜玉米自交系 T15 与 T77 配制杂交组合 T77×T15。以该组合的 F2 群体作为试验材料,采用主基因 + 多基因混合遗传方法进行遗传模型分析;结合 F2 群 体各单株的果皮厚度及 SSR 遗传连锁图谱,利用复合区间作图法对甜玉米果皮厚度进行 QTL 定位。【结果】甜 玉米果皮厚度的最适模型为 A-1,即受 1 对主基因控制的加性和部分显性的遗传模型,主基因遗传率 69.10%。 在第 5、8 染色体上分别检测出 3 个与果皮厚度相关的 QTL,其中第 5 染色体 bin5.04 区域检测到 2 个 QTL, 分别位于标记区间 bnlg150~bnlg653 和 bnlg653~bnlg1208,加性效应值分别为 -2.39 和 -3.01;位于第 8 染色体 的 QTL 在 bin8.03~bin8.04 区域,标记区间为 umc1741~bnlg2046,加性效应值为 -3.06,表型贡献率为 22.02%。 【结论】甜玉米果皮厚度以主基因效应为主,在育种实践中可在早期世代进行遗传改良选择。试验检测到的 QTL 可用于分子标记辅助选择和品质育种。     

Identification of the putative ancestral allele of bovine single‐nucleotide polymorphisms

Identifying the action of natural selection from patterns of standing genetic variation has long been of interest to the population genetic community. Thanks to the availability of large single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data sets for many species and of high‐throughput SNP genotyping methods, whole‐genomic surveys to detect selective sweeps are now possible. Knowing the ancestral allele increases the power to detect selection. We present here a comparative genomic approach to determine the putative ancestral allele of bovine SNPs deposited in public databases. We analysed 19 551 488 SNPs and identified the putative ancestral allele for 14 339 107 SNPs. Our predicted ancestral alleles were in agreement with ancestral alleles detected by genotyping outgroup species for 97% SNPs from the BovineSNP50 BeadChip. This comparison indicates that our comparative genomic‐based approach to identify putative ancestral alleles is reliable.     

标记辅助选择在动物育种中的研究进展

随着生物科学的不断发展,遗传标记辅助选择(MAS)已经在动物改良中获得了较大的遗传进展,其中最关键的环节是识别有效的遗传标记,即这一标记应与控制这些数量性状的基因(QTL)处于连锁不平衡(linkagedise-quilibrium)状态。目前遗传标记技术在动物遗传育种中的研究已取得一定进展。     

西林水牛群体的RAPD遗传多样性分析

【目的】了解西林水牛群体的遗传变异和遗传结构,为其辅助标记育种、遗传资源保护及利用提供参考依据。【方法】从广西西林县的8个乡（镇）采集184份西林水牛血样,采用优化后的RAPD技术检测其多态性DNA,统计多态性条带数,并应用Popgene32软件对西林水牛群体的有效等位基因数、Nei氏基因多样性指数及Shannon多样性指数进行分析。【结果】从18条RAPD引物中筛选出8条扩增产物稳定、条带清晰可辨的引物,扩增出的DNA片段分子量为100-1000 bp;从184个样本中共扩增出4968个多态性条带,平均每条引物可扩增出621个多态性条带,多态性频率达60.0%-100.0%,平均为89.7%。西林水牛群体的平均有效等位基因数为1.6745,平均Nei氏基因多样度指数为0.3583,平均Shannon多样性指数为0.5510。【结论】西林水牛群体的遗传变异、遗传分化及遗传多样性均较高,但选育程度较低,育种潜力较大,有待进一步保种和开发利用。     

小麦株高相关性状的QTL分析

为探索小麦株高及其相关构成性状的遗传基础,以小麦品系"0911-46"与品系"42"杂交获得的F2及其衍生F2∶3群体为材料,应用SSR标记构建连锁图谱,在杨凌和乾县2种环境条件下对株高、穗下节长、基部第Ⅰ节长、基部第Ⅱ节长进行QTL定位研究。结果表明:所构建的连锁遗传图谱覆盖小麦全基因组的1 423.54cM,标记间的平均遗传距离为8.09cM。共检测到47个QTLs,涉及小麦1A、1D、2A、2B、2D、3A、4B、4D、5A、5B、5D、6B、6D、7A、7B、7D染色体。其中,有16个株高QTL,15个穗下节长QTL,8个基部第Ⅰ节长QTL,8个基部第Ⅱ节长QTL,单个QTL可解释0.29%~63.42%的表型变异。4D染色体上Xwmc473-Xwmc285标记区间内距Xwmc473标记2.07cM处,在F2和F2∶3的2种环境中都能检测到株高QTL,表现出世代间和环境稳定性。此外,在该标记区间还能同时检测到分别控制株高、穗下节长、基部第Ⅰ节长、基部第Ⅱ节长的QTL,表明这一标记区间是一个株高及其构成性状QTL富集区。