Aggressiveness and production of cell-wall degrading enzymes by Pythium violae, Pythium sulcatum and Pythium ultimum, responsible for cavity spot on carrots

This study investigated the relationships between pathogenesis, types of symptoms and in vitro production of cell-wall degrading enzymes by P. violae, P. sulcatum and P. ultimum. The three pathogens, considered as the three Pythium species principally responsible for cavity spot on carrot roots, secreted only low levels of fatty acid esterases activity, suggesting they have limited ability to degrade suberin in the walls of the outer cell layers of carrot tissues. Among the enzymes that degrade cell-wall polysaccharides, only pectate lyases and cellulases were produced by P. violae, and these were produced late and in small amounts: the symptoms caused by P. violae were limited and typical of cavity spot. Conversely, P. ultimum caused maceration of tissues, and secreted polygalacturonases and -1,4-glucanases earlier and in larger amounts than P. violae. P. ultimum also produced a large diversity of proteins and cellulase isoenzymes. Although secreting all the monitored enzymes in higher quantity than the two previous species, P. sulcatum was responsible for only typical limited symptoms of cavity spot, with a brown colouring. The role of plant reactions induced in response to early pectinolytic enzyme production by P. sulcatum may account for this apparent inconsistency.Died on April 11, 1997     

6.5％苦参碱·宁南雷素种子处理可分散粉剂对瓜果腐霉菌的毒力测定

采用室内菌丝生长抑制法系统测定了苦参碱、宁南霉素单剂及其多种组合混剂对 引起大豆根腐病的瓜果腐霉菌的抑制作用,结果表明,苦参碱、宁南霉素单剂及其多种组 合混剂对供试病菌菌丝生长有良好的抑制作用,当苦参碱与宁南霉素以4．0:2．5的比例混合 后抑制作用最强,增效值为1．96,表现明显增效作用。田间试验结果也证明该混剂可有效 控制大豆苗期根腐病,当以6．5％苦·宁种子处理可分散粉剂按种子重量1．0:100包衣时的防 治效果可达72．4％。     

Pythium rot of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis) caused by Pythium aphanidermatum

Severe rot was found at the base of leaves and stems of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis) in Ibaraki Prefecture every year in early September from 2002 through 2004. The causal fungus was identified as Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzpatrick. This is the first report of P. aphanidermatum on Chinese cabbage. A similar disease of Chinese cabbage caused by P. ultimum Trow var. ultimum is known as Pythium rot. We propose adding P. aphanidermatum as a new pathogen of this disease.     

Foot Rot of Ulluco Caused by Pythium aphanidermatum

Severe rot of stem bases caused by Pythium aphanidermatum was found on ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) grown in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan, in September 1999. The name “foot rot of ulluco” is proposed for this new disease. Received 14 November 2001/ Accepted in revised form 7 January 2002     

黄瓜苗期猝倒病生物防治

通过盆栽和田间小区试验,研究了生防菌对黄瓜苗期猝倒病的防治效果。盆栽试验中,生防菌株CR56对甲霜灵高抗病原菌株Pythium ultimum ONCURO1和敏感菌株P.spinosum MP43419的防效分别为94.4％和51.4％;生防菌CUC8对两者防效分别为0.0％和61.9％;在供试的19株生防细菌中,有11株格兰氏阴性菌对ONCURO1的防效好于对MP43419,有5株格兰氏阳性菌对MP43419防效则好于对ONCURO1。田间小区试验中,生防菌株PEP66在浙大菜圃和弄口菜地对黄瓜苗期猝倒病的防效分别为35.8％和18.5％,但R2在两地的防效分别为14.3％和84.4％。供试的11株生防菌中,有10株在弄口菜地对黄瓜苗期猝倒病的防效优于在浙大菜圃。结果显示出生防菌的防效与供试土壤中病原种类和种群数量有密切的关系。     

一串红新品种‘世纪红’

‘世纪红’是以‘奥运圣火1120’为母本,‘展望’为父本杂交选育得到的红色矮生直立型一串红新品种。生长开花整齐,夏秋季生长势强,抗高温、强光照能力强。从播种到开花需10周左右,适于北京地区夏季及“五一”和“十一”园林绿化中营造色带、花坛和花境。     

基于环介导等温扩增技术检测由强雄腐霉引起的玉米茎腐病

为建立强雄腐霉Pythium arrhenomanes的快速分子检测技术,基于环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)以β-tubulin基因为靶标序列,设计强雄腐霉的特异性引物,建立了一种准确快速的LAMP检测方法,并对该检测方法的特异性、灵敏度和实际应用效果进行评估。25μL LAMP最终反应体系为:10×ThermoPol Buffer 2.5μL、10 mmol/L dNTPs 3.5μL、6 mmol/L MgSO_4 2μL、5 mol/L甜菜碱4μL、40μmol/L FIP-1/BIP-1各1μL、5μmol/L F3-1和B3-1各1μL、40μmol/L LB-1 1μL、Bst DNA polymerase 1μL、2.5 mmol/L HNB 1.9μL、模板DNA 2μL、灭菌水3.1μL。LAMP体系在等温64℃条件下反应60 min,HNB显色反应显示天蓝色即为阳性反应;扩增产物经2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证为梯形条带,也可判定为阳性反应。特异性检测结果显示,LAMP体系能特异性地检测出强雄腐霉,而其它卵菌近缘种和常见植物病原真菌均未检测出。灵敏度检测结果显示,LAMP体系的最低检测灵敏度为10 pg/μL,是普通PCR反应灵敏度的1 000倍。在实际应用中,LAMP体系能够快速检测出人工接种和实际发病玉米组织中的病原菌。表明本研究建立的快速、准确、可视化的LAMP检测方法能在60 min内检测出强雄腐霉。     

掌叶半夏茎基腐病病原鉴定及其防治药剂筛选

茎基腐病是河北省安国市掌叶半夏（Pinellia pedatisecta）生产中为害较严重的多发性病害,对该病害的病原菌进行了分离、鉴定、致病性测定和防治药剂的筛选。通过形态鉴定和rDNA-ITS序列分析,将安国掌叶半夏茎基腐病的病原菌鉴定为瓜果腐霉（Pythium aphanidermatum）。选用5种常用化学杀菌剂、2种生物杀菌剂和玫瑰黄链霉菌Men-myco-93-63抗生素粗提物对Py. aphanidermatum进行室内毒力测定,结果表明：35%精甲霜灵ES、玫瑰黄链霉菌Men-myco-93-63抗生素粗提物、40%氟硅唑EC、99%恶霉灵TC对瓜果腐霉菌丝的生长具有较明显的抑制作用,EC₅₀分别为12.81、41.74、54.16和56.90μg/mL;而1×10 ¹¹芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌WP、1×10 ⁶孢子/g寡雄腐霉菌WP、3%甲霜·恶霉灵AS和50%烯酰吗啉WP对该病菌的抑制效果不明显。     

Physicochemical responses of Pythium porphyrae (Oomycota), the causative organism of red rot disease in Porphyra to acidification

Physicochemical responses to acidification in Pythium porphyrae , the causative organism of red rot disease in Porphyra , were investigated. The acid tolerance of P. porphyrae mycelia under pH 4 (acidic condition) condition increased significantly compared with that of the mycelia under pH 8 (condition equivalent to seawater) condition. Free amino acid levels in the mycelia decreased 1.3–8.8-fold under pH 4 condition. However, some free amino acids such as the d -cysteinolic acid-like component, phosphoethanolamine, glutamic acid, aminoadipic acid and methionine increased 2.6–21.7-fold under the same condition. Proton flux on the mycelia exposed to pH 8 increased significantly compared with the mycelia exposed to pH 4. The patterns of proteins present (examined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) differed among the pH conditions. These results suggest that P. porphyrae acquires acid tolerance and is able to adapt to the changing pH conditions. This has significant implications for the use of acidic fungicide treatment for prevention of red rot disease on Porphyra farms.     

Genome-wide association analysis of resistance to Pythium ultimum in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Pythium root rot (PRR) caused by Pythium spp. is an important root rot disease affecting common bean productivity. The objective of this study was to conduct a genome-wide association analysis of resistance to PRR in the common bean of Andean gene pool using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. About 260 genotypes of the Andean diversity panel (ADP) were evaluated under screen house conditions using Pythium ultimum isolate MS61 in Uganda. Sixteen significant signals for resistance to PRR were detected on chromosomes Pv01, Pv02, Pv04, Pv05 and Pv09 using 260K GBS-based and 6K Beadchip SNPs. Common significant signals were detected on Pv02 and Pv09 for PRR. Positional candidate genes associated with significant SNPs on Pv02 were Phvul.002G119700, 16.97 kb near marker S02_25507837 (25.50 Mb), encoding Subtilase family protein, and Phvul.002G278400 near marker ss715645959 (44.79 Mb) encoding Defensin-like (DEFL) protein involved in plant defence responses. Based on the relatively high heritability estimates observed for PRR in this study, significant SNP markers associated with genomic regions for resistance to PRR could be validated for marker-assisted breeding in Andean beans.