Effects of soil solarization on soil-borne populations ofPythium aphanidermatum andFusarium solani and on the potato crop in Tunisia

Summary Soil solarization by mulching with polyethylene for 60 days during summer in Tunisia, was effective in reducing dramatically to a depth of 30 cm inoculum levels ofFusarium solani (Fs) from 3,000 to 450 propagules gram⁻¹ of dry soil. Population densities ofPythium aphanidermatum (Pa) were reduced from 1,700 and 3,000 to 0.5 and 1 propagule gram⁻¹ of dry soil in the top 15 cm and at 1–30 cm depth, respectively. After a subsequent autumn potato crop, populations ofPa remained very low in the previously solarized soil whereas propagule density in non-solarized soils was similar to the initial density. Also, inoculum level ofFs increased by 40% in nonsolarized soils while it remained unchanged in solarized soils, suggesting microbial processes that prevented soil reinfestation. All the annual weeds were eradicated by solar heating but not the perennial weedConvolvulus arvensis. Potato plant growth and yields were improved in solarized plots.     

一串红株型突变体AFLP分析

一串红（Salvia splendens）株型突变体BN35—1分枝能力强,不必摘心,株型自然成球。本研究利用AFLP（amplified fragment lengthpolymorphism）分子标记技术对其进行分析。从21对引物组合中筛选出6对多态性高的引物组合对突变体BN35—1、野生型BN35及4个商品种进行亲缘关系分析以确定BN35—1与BN35亲缘关系。另外用21对供试引物组合单独对突变体及原种进行多态性分析以寻找差异条带。结果表明,BN35—1与BN35亲缘关系最近,相似系数为0．9861,远高于其他商品种、BN35与商品种以及商品种间的相似性。在21对供试引物组合中,12对引物检测出BN35—1与BN35基因组DNA共52处基因座位位点存在差异,相应的特异条带是控制株型突变或与控制株型突变基因相连锁的侯选基因片段,深入研究工作有待进一步进行。     

烟草钟器腐霉的分子鉴定与致病力测定

从河南省嵩县送检的烟草茎黑腐病样本上分离获得1株腐霉菌,为明确该菌的种类及对烟草的致病力,对所得菌株进行形态学鉴定、DNA序列分析和致病性测定。结果表明,菌株菌落呈放射状型,并逐渐变为花瓣型,菌丝无隔;孢子囊球形、梨形;藏卵器球形;雄器钟状或不规则;rDNA-ITS序列测定分析,该菌序列与GenBank上登录号KC014615.1和GU133597.1等的序列同源性大于99%,鉴定为钟器腐霉(Pythium vexans de Bary)。对培育到10叶期的‘中烟100’品种接种,7天后该菌的病情指数为48,对照瓜果腐霉(P. aphanidermatum)的病情指数为62.7,表明其对‘中烟100’的致病力不及瓜果腐霉。     

大豆品种对四种腐霉菌的抗性研究

采用种子腐烂测试法,用对大豆有致病性的4种腐霉菌对83个大豆栽培品种进行抗性鉴定.在参试材料中,有抗1种腐霉菌的材料,也有同时抗两2种以上腐霉菌的品种,并获得4个对4种腐霉菌都具有抗性的品种;对于单个腐霉菌而言,抗性材料数量不同.对于P.aphanidermatum表现抗性的材料有19个,占供试材料的22.3%;对P.sylvaticun表现为高抗的材料有34份,占供试材料的41.0%;对P.irregulare表现为高抗的材料有12份,占供试材料的14.5%;对P.ultimum表现为高抗的材料有32份,占供试材料的38.6%.在参试品种中,以抗P.sylvaticun和P.ultimum的材料较多,有20个品种,占参试品种的24.1%,这表明在现有大豆品种资源中有较丰富的抗源.     

Pythium soft rot of ginger: Detection and identification of the causal pathogens,and their control

Ginger is considered by many people to be the outstanding member among 1400 other species in the family Zingiberaceae. Not only it is a valuable spice used by cooks throughout the world to impart unique flavour to their dishes but it also has a long track record in some Chinese and Indian cultures for treating common human ailments such as colds and headaches. Ginger has recently attracted considerable attention for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal properties. However, ginger as a crop is also susceptible to at least 24 different plant pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes. Of these, Pythium spp. (within the kingdom Stramenopila, phyllum Oomycota) are of most concern because various species can cause rotting and yield loss on ginger at any of the growth stages including during postharvest storage. Pythium gracile was the first species in the genus to be reported as a ginger pathogen, causing Pythium soft rot disease in India in 1907. Thereafter, numerous other Pythium spp. have been recorded from ginger growing regions throughout the world. Today, 15 Pythium species have been implicated as pathogens of the soft rot disease. Because accurate identification of a pathogen is the cornerstone of effective disease management programs, this review will focus on how to detect, identify and control Pythium spp. in general, with special emphasis on Pythium spp. associated with soft rot on ginger.     

黄淮海夏玉米主产区茎腐病主要病原菌及优势种分析

【目的】 明确黄淮海夏玉米主产区玉米茎腐病的主要病原菌组成及优势种,为病原菌致病机制、抗性育种及茎腐病防治提供依据。【方法】 于2014—2017年采集黄淮海夏玉米主产区3个省（河北、河南、山东）的玉米茎腐病样本850份。通过形态学、通用引物和特异引物对病组织分离物进行鉴定,并采用上述引物直接检测病组织。整合分析分离物鉴定法和组织分子检测法的结果以确定玉米茎腐病的主要病原菌及优势种;分析主要病原菌在各省间以及同一省份不同年度的检出率,揭示主要病原菌的种群动态变化;分析单个样本中病原菌的检出率,探讨多种病原菌的共存模式。【结果】 有667份样本检测出真菌或卵菌,占总样本的78.47%;年度间样本检出率存在差异,2014年的检出率不足50%,而2015—2017年的检出率相近,均高于90%。在所有样本中共检出20属46种真菌或卵菌,其中镰孢菌（Fusarium spp.）的检出率最高,为89.96%,包括禾谷镰孢复合种（F. graminearum species complex）、层出镰孢（F. proliferatum）、拟轮枝镰孢（F. verticillioides）、厚垣镰孢（F. chlamydosporum）、亚粘团镰孢（F. subglutinans）、尖镰孢（F. oxysporum）、黄色镰孢（F. culmorum）、藤仓镰孢（F. fujikuroi）、变红镰孢（F. incarnatum）、木贼镰孢（F. equiseti）和茄镰孢（F. solani）11个种;腐霉菌（Pythium spp.）的检出率为34.18%,包括芒孢腐霉（P. aristosporum）、禾生腐霉（P. graminicola）、棘腐霉（P. acanthicum）、孤雌腐霉（P. amasculinum）和寡雄腐霉（P. oligandrum）5个种。拟轮枝镰孢、禾谷镰孢复合种、芒孢腐霉和层出镰孢为4种主要病原菌,检出率依次为62.07%、46.93%、29.09%和28.04%,其中拟轮枝镰孢为优势种。各省之间,上述4种主要病原菌的检出率存在一定差异。拟轮枝镰孢在河北省的检出率为73.98%,明显高于该菌在河南省和山东省的检出率;禾谷镰孢复合种在3个省的检出率相近;层出镰孢和芒孢腐霉在山东省的检出率分别为35.78%和34.31%,均高于在其他两省的检出率。同一省份不同年度上述4种主要病原菌的检出率呈动态变化,其中任何一种病原菌均有可能上升为优势种。进一步分析表明,单个样本中可以检测出一种或多种病原菌,检测出1种菌的样本占38.38%,检出2种和3种病原菌的样本分别占29.24%和19.04%;2种及以上病原菌共存以镰孢菌和腐霉菌、镰孢菌和镰孢菌模式为主。【结论】 黄淮海夏玉米主产区茎腐病主要病原菌为拟轮枝镰孢、禾谷镰孢复合种、芒孢腐霉和层出镰孢,其中拟轮枝镰孢为优势种;拟轮枝镰孢在河北省的检出率最高,层出镰孢和芒孢腐霉在山东省的检出率最高,禾谷镰孢复合种在3个省的检出率相近;单个样本中存在多种病原菌共存的模式。     

Non-pathogenic Fusarium strains protect the seedlings of Lepidium sativum from Pythium ultimum

Two root-colonizing Fusarium strains, Ls-F-in-4-1 and Rs-F-in-11, isolated from roots of Brassicaceae plants, induced the resistance in Lepidium sativum seedlings against Pythium ultimum. These strains caused an increase in the content of benzyl isothiocyanate, and of its precursor glucotropaeolin, in the roots of the host plants. The increased isothiocyanate content is one of the factors contributing to the resistance of L. sativum against P. ultimum. To be transformed into the fungitoxic compound benzyl isothiocyanate, glucotropaeolin has to be hydrolyzed by myrosinase, which can be produced either by plants or microorganisms. The Fusarium strain Ls-F-in-4-1 has a myrosinase activity but the strain Rs-F-in-11 has not. These results suggest that both strains are able to trigger the metabolic pathway leading to benzyl isothiocyanate production in the plant. In the case of the myrosinase-negative strain Rs-F-in-11, hydrolyzation into isothiocyanate is only due to the myrosinase activity of the plant, and in the other case, the myrosinase produced by the strain Ls-F-in-11 also would contribute to the production of isothiocyanate. This paper reports a new mode of action of non-pathogenic Fusarium strains in controlling P. ultimum.     

不同碳源氮源对腐霉菌株生长的影响

在喀麦隆芋芳根涡病病原研究中，测定了不同碳源、氮源对分离自喀麦隆芋艿田间及来自中国的腐霉菌株生长习性的影响。实验结果表明，除了钟腐霉（Ｐｙｔｈｉｕｍｖｅｘａｎｓ）菌株只能吸收葡萄糖、果糠而不能吸收蔗糖外，其余腐霉菌株均能利葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖作为碳源。所有试验菌株均不能利用半乳糖、麦芽糖及可溶性淀粉。钟腐霉菌株之形态特征与特殊碳源营养的相关性显示了用碳源作为菌株鉴定辅助标准的可行性，氮源营养试验结果表明，所有腐霉菌株均能利用四种氮源，根据不同氮源对菌丝生长的影响，依次为Ｌ－天门冬氨酸，Ｌ－精氨酸，硝酸铵，硝酸钾。