寡雄腐霉发酵液的动物毒性及对辣椒的促生防病效应

为研制高效、无毒、低成本的生物农药以防治辣椒炭疽病,利用自主分离的寡雄腐霉Pythium oligandrum CQ2010菌株制备浓度为1.14‰发酵液,研究其对小鼠的急性毒性、对辣椒幼苗生长的影响及对辣椒炭疽病的防治效果。结果表明,小鼠1日内灌胃寡雄腐霉发酵液60 m L/kg,连续给药14 d后,对小鼠体重增长无显著影响,其外观和行为均无异常,组织器官也未见病理改变。寡雄腐霉发酵液可显著提高辣椒叶片叶绿素含量和根系活力,促进氮、磷、钾吸收,生物量比对照增加42.4%,效果优于寡雄腐霉卵孢子制剂;并能显著提高叶片中过氧化物酶活性,诱导植株抗病性。在辣椒接种炭疽病菌前后,寡雄腐霉发酵液均显著降低了叶片丙二醛的增幅,说明细胞膜受害减轻。施用寡雄腐霉发酵液可使辣椒炭疽病发病率和病情指数显著降低,分别为40.0%~46.7%和13.3~16.7,防治效果达59.9%~68.1%;在模拟自然发病试验中也能显著提高辣椒幼苗生物量,防治效果达55.4%。表明寡雄腐霉发酵液对动物安全无毒,能促进辣椒幼苗生长并防治炭疽病。     

木霉融合子Tpf-2的定殖及其对番茄防御酶系的影响

利用qPCR检测木霉融合子Tpf-2在番茄根际土中的定殖,并采用生理生化法测定Tpf-2对番茄叶片中相关防御酶活性的影响。结果表明,在整个番茄生育期内(0~150d),Tpf-2均可在番茄根际土中定殖,相对定殖数量随时间的延长呈下降趋势,同时接种木霉和瓜果腐霉处理组中Tpf-2相对定殖数量高于同期无病原菌处理组。不同处理组番茄叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化物酶POD及过氧化氢酶CAT的活性不同,同时接种木霉和瓜果腐霉处理组中上述3种酶活性增加显著,与只接种瓜果腐霉处理组间存在极显著性差异(P0.01)。综上可见,木霉融合子Tpf-2的厚垣孢子定殖周期长,定殖后可诱导番茄叶片中相关防御酶活性的提高,本研究为揭示其生防机理及菌株应用提供了科学依据。     

一串红花粉发育过程中外壁糖蛋白的透射电镜观察

研究采用细胞化学技术,用钉红对一串红5个不同发育阶段的花粉进行染色、经透射电镜对其外壁糖蛋白进行定位观察,探讨花粉发育过程中外壁糖蛋白的发生时期及输送到花粉壁的过程.结果表明:糖蛋白在单核时期由绒毡层细胞产生,并被分泌到药室内,输送到花粉外壁及萌发孔周围积累和贮存,整个过程延续到花粉成熟.     

寡雄腐霉菌剂对辣椒疫病的防治及促生效应

利用自主分离的寡雄腐霉生防菌株(Pythium oligandrum CQ2010)制备固体菌剂(P.oligandrum agent,POA),通过培养、拮抗试验和田间试验,研究其对辣椒疫病的防治,以及对辣椒生长发育、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,P.oligandrum CQ2010能大量分泌纤维素酶、蛋白酶、β–1,3–葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶,前三者在固体培养基上的水解圈直径接近或超过菌落直径,POA提取液显著抑制辣椒疫霉菌菌丝生长,抑菌率处于化学药剂精甲霜锰锌和双炔酰菌胺之间。在辣椒田间疫病防治试验中,移栽时将POA基施于辣椒根系周围,显著降低辣椒疫霉病的发病率和病情指数,POA的防效和疗效分别为89.37%和61.19%,防效大于疗效。施用POA之后,辣椒开花期和结果期均比常规施肥提早6?9 d,植株生物量增加32.03%,氮、磷、钾吸收量分别提高35.74%、40.53%和53.23%,果实增产25.21%。此外,POA改善辣椒果实品质,提高可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和维生素C含量,而硝酸盐含量无显著变化。结论:P.oligandrum CQ2010能分泌水解病原真菌细胞壁的酶类,其提取液可以抑制辣椒疫霉生长,田间施用能够降低辣椒疫病的发病率和病情指数,促进植株生长,增加养分吸收,提高产量品质。因此,POA有广阔的运用前景,适合大规模生产运用。     

邻烯丙基苯酚处理黄瓜种子控制土传腐霉菌和丝核菌侵染危害秧苗的效果

采用ISTA滤纸法检测得出:20%邻烯丙基苯酚悬浮种衣剂按1∶ 30~1∶ 90药种比(质量比)包衣处理"中农8号"和"长春密刺"黄瓜品种的种子,对黄瓜种子安全,种子发芽率分别达到95.75%~97.75%和80.00%~84.25%;PDA平板上检测药剂包衣处理对黄瓜种子带菌消毒效果显示,消毒处理效果达到66.67%~100%。菌丝生长速率法和染色处理结合显微技术实验证实,邻烯丙基苯酚对危害黄瓜秧苗的土传病原菌腐霉病菌Pythium aphanidermatum和立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani具有较强的抑制作用,EC50值分别为27.59和34.16 μg/mL;药剂处理使供试病菌的菌丝发生中空、解体断裂等异常现象。20%邻烯丙基苯酚悬浮种衣剂1∶ 30~1∶ 90包衣处理黄瓜种子后接种供试病菌,对腐霉病菌和立枯丝核菌的防病效果分别达到73.31%~100%和85.16％~100%;随着药剂包衣处理浓度的增大,邻烯丙基苯酚防治两种病原菌侵染危害黄瓜秧苗的效果提高,等效或者优于常规药剂福美双种子处理。     

天津地区草坪腐霉枯萎病病原鉴定及生物学特性研究

连续3年对天津地区草坪腐霉枯萎病病害发生调查,总结出病害发生规律：高温高湿的气候条件是腐霉枯萎病发生的主要因素,天津地区的病害发生期主要有两个：（1）苗期（8月下旬～9月下旬）,造成幼苗猝倒;（2）7月下旬～8月中旬的夏季,造成大面积坏死枯草斑。通过病原茵致病性测定,筛选强致病性菌株,并鉴定其为瓜果腐霉（Pythium aphanidermatum）。通过对其生物学特性研究表明,病原茵生长的最适温度为35℃,最适pH值为7．0～8．0,最适碳源为可溶性淀粉,其次是蔗糖,且差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

Suppression of pre- and postemergence damping-off in corn by Burkholderia cepacia

Burkholderia cepacia (syn. Pseudomonas cepacia) strain PHQM100 applied as a seed coating was tested in growth chamber experiments for its ability to suppress preemergence damping-off, and postemergence damping-off in corn induced by Pythium and Fusarium spp. The symptoms observed in bioassays with soils naturally infested with the fungal pathogens were seed rot with Pythium spp. and mesocotyl and root tissue necrosis in the presence of Fusarium spp. Three corn cultivars that differed in their susceptibility to damping-off pathogens were used. Cultivar L was susceptible to pre- and postemergence damping-off, whereas cv. LPDP and cv. LG11 were moderately resistant and resistant to the damping-off diseases respectively. In the presence of Pythium spp., seed treatment with B. cepacia reduced seed rot, as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the cv. LPDP than in the resistant cv. LG11 or the susceptible cv. L. In soils infested with Fusarium spp., seed treatment significantly reduced root and mesocotyl necrosis as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the resistant cultivars LG11 and LPDP than in the susceptible cv. L. Root colonization levels by B. cepacia were similar in the three corn cultivars tested. Biocontrol efficiency of B. cepacia varied among cultivars mainly due to the differences in their susceptibility to the fungal pathogens. In spite of variability and also irrespective of the soil characteristics, B. cepacia increased seedling emergence and decreased mesocotyl and root necrosis when used as a seed coating.     

Hypercalcemia associated with gastric pythiosis in a dog

A 20-month-old castrated male Labrador Retriever with a 3-month history of anorexia, weight loss, and vomiting was evaluated. Plasma biochemical abnormalities included marked hyperglobulinemia and hypercalcemia. Serum levels of parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were either low or within reference intervals. Gastric wall thickening and abdominal lymphadenomegaly were observed with abdominal ultrasonography. Cytologic evaluation of a sample obtained via fine-needle aspiration of the gastric wall revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation and numerous poorly stained hyphae. Partial gastrectomy was performed, and a diagnosis of gastric pythiosis was made by immunohistochemical staining of infected gastric tissue, as well as by immunoblot serology. This case demonstrates that diagnostic samples for cytologic evaluation can be obtained by fine-needle aspiration of Pythium insidiosum-infected tissues and that a presumptive diagnosis can be made by examination of a Romanowsky-stained smear. Furthermore, pythiosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for hypercalcemia, especially in young dogs with inflammatory lesions that have a granulomatous component. The mechanism for the hypercalcemia in this dog was not determined; however, calcium concentrations normalized after surgical resection of the gastric lesion.     

Gastrointestinal pythiosis in 10 dogs from California

BACKGROUND: Pythium insidiosum is an aquatic oomycete that causes severe segmental thickening of the canine gastrointestinal (GI) tract, resulting in weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, and death. Infection in dogs previously has been observed primarily in the southeastern United States. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinicopathologic and epidemiologic findings associated with GI pythiosis in 10 dogs from California. METHODS: Dogs were initially identified on the basis of supportive clinical findings and routine histology. Pythiosis was confirmed in each dog with at least one of the following: immunoblot serology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serology, immunohistochemistry, and culture followed by species-specific polymerase chain reaction, rRNA gene sequencing, or both. RESULTS: Between September 2003 and December 2006, GI pythiosis was confirmed in 1 dog from central California and 9 dogs that lived within a 30-mile radius of Davis, CA. Seven of 8 dogs for which environmental data were available had frequent access to flooded rice fields or other water sources. Esophageal lesions were present in 2 of 10 dogs. Common laboratory findings included eosinophilia (7/9), hypoalbuminemia (9/9), and hyperglobulinemia (8/9). Median survival time was 26.5 days (range, 0-122 days), and the disease was ultimately fatal in all 10 dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The geographic distribution of pythiosis has widened in recent years to include the western United States. Factors that may have contributed to this change include altered rice-farming practices and landscape irrigation. Veterinarians in California should be familiar with the clinicopathologic features associated with GI pythiosis to aid in early diagnosis and effective treatment.