中国葛资源及其利用

在分析葛根资源及其分布、有效成分、营养特性、药理作用及综合利用价值的基础上,针对中国葛产业发展及其存在问题,着重阐述了葛资源综合利用途径及前景。     

葛根酸乳加工工艺

以葛根和复原乳为实验原料,加工制备葛根酸乳。针对影响产品加工的四因素（葛根浆液添加量、发酵剂接种量、发酵时间、发酵温度）进行研究。以产品的感官评分和葛根黄酮含量为指标,通过单因素试验确定较优的四因素加工条件,并在此基础上,进一步通过正交试验,确定葛根酸乳最佳的加工工艺参数为原葛根浆液添加量14%、接种量2.5%、发酵时间4.5h、发酵温度41℃,此时葛根黄酮含量为1.71mg/mL。     

白芍原植物的传粉特性研究

研究药用白芍的传粉特性,为药用白芍的资源保护和优良品种选育提供科学依据。采取11种不同的处理方式,比较不同授粉方式的结实率和结实质量。芍药的自然结实率低;芍药的异株异花传粉可提高芍药的结实率达3倍,自然生长的花人工给予授粉结实率可提高近4倍;芍药的同株自花直接套袋、同株自花人工授粉和同株异花人工授粉的结实率均不高,分别为0.17%、0.84%、1.16%;去雄和去花冠处理结果表明芍药以异花传粉为主,同时花冠在传粉结实中也起到一定的作用。芍药具有微弱的自交性,芍药以异株异花授粉为主;异株异花授粉,可提高芍药的结实率;同时对芍药的结实率低的原因给以初步分析整理。     

不同天然生物保鲜液对桑葚贮藏品质的影响

以桑葚为试材,以果实感官品质评分、失重率、VC含量、色差和腐烂指数为指标,研究山豆根、肉豆蔻及其复合提取液和不同浓度壳聚糖涂膜液对(2±1)℃下贮藏6 d桑葚品质的影响。结果表明,1山豆根、肉豆蔻及其复合提取液与对照(蒸馏水)相比,均对桑葚有较好的保鲜效果,可在一定程度上抑制桑葚的品质下降,降低果实失重率,减缓VC的降解,其中保鲜效果最佳的是山豆根提取液(料液比为1∶10);2在不同浓度的壳聚糖涂膜液中,以1.0%的浓度处理对保持桑葚的VC含量、感官品质以及抑制果实腐烂的效果最明显;在贮藏前3天,浓度为1.5%的壳聚糖涂膜液对桑葚失重率控制最好;在贮藏3~6 d时,壳聚糖浓度越高,失重率越小。     

葛根淀粉流变学特性研究

本文研究了葛根Ｐｕｅｒａｒｉａ ｌｏｂａｔａ（ｗｉｌｉｄ）ｏｈｗｉ淀粉的流变学特性。结果表明，葛根淀粉度随浓度增加耐增大，随温度升高而降低，表现为非牛顿假塑性流体。ＰＨ值对葛根淀粉粘度影响小，且相对稳定。凝胶性和剪切强度都比较强。可作为添加剂广泛应用于食品工业。     

钙盐胁迫对3份葛藤种质种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

为探明葛藤对喀斯特山区土壤富钙环境的适应机制,以3份不同产地葛藤种质种子为试验材料,采用室内模拟试验,研究不同浓度（0、50、100、150和200 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂）钙盐胁迫对3份葛藤种质种子萌发、幼苗生长、渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶系统及植物内源激素的影响。结果表明,随钙盐胁迫浓度升高,澳大利亚（AUS）和江苏（JS）种质种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均显著降低,种子萌发率、萌发速度及种苗生活力均受到显著抑制（P<0.05）,湖南（HN）种质在胁迫浓度为100 mmol·L^-1时,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数升高;3份葛藤种质幼苗叶长、叶宽、株高和生物量显著降低;叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量和相对电导率均显著升高;叶片脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性糖含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均先增后降;AUS和HN种质叶片过氧化物酶（POD）活性先增后降,JS种质表现为显著上升;HN和JS种质叶片抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性显著升高,AUS种质则表现为先升后降;3份葛藤种质叶片脱落酸（ABA）、生长素（IAA）、赤霉素（GA₃）、玉米素（ZT）（除JS种质）含量均先增后减。0~50 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂胁迫对3份葛藤种质种子萌发及幼苗生长抑制不显著,150~200 mmol·L^-1 钙盐胁迫显著抑制3种葛藤种子萌发及幼苗生长,HN种质种子依靠种子休眠抵御钙盐胁迫,说明葛藤幼苗对低钙盐胁迫具有一定的耐受性。中高钙盐浓度胁迫时,葛藤幼苗通过提高自身渗透物质含量、增强抗氧化酶活性、增加部分激素含量、改变地上地下生物量等方式积极调节自身生理代谢, 以适应高钙盐环境。结合隶属函数和主成分分析,除Pro含量和APX活性外,其余指标均可作为评价3份葛藤种质耐盐性的主要指标,3份种质的耐盐性大小顺序为JS>HN>AUS。     

Influence of different plantain cropping systems on physical properties of soil and plantain bunch yield

Information on the effects of soil physical properties on plantain yield is rare. A factorial trial was conducted in three southern Cameroonian villages comparing four cropping systems comprising: two planted legumes, (1) Flemingia macrophylla and (2) Pueraria phaseoloides; a crop, (3) hot pepper; and (4) natural regrowth, all planted to plantain established in old forest versus young bush fallow. Initially, bush fallow had significantly higher sand content, mean weight diameter (MWD) and proportion of macroaggregates, but lower clay content and lower proportions of mesoaggregates and microaggregates than forest soil. Between 2002 and 2006, clay and silt content, MWD, geometric mean diameter and the proportion of macroaggregates increased, whereas sand content, bulk density, and the proportions of mesoaggregates and microaggregates decreased in all villages, fallows and cropping systems. Changes in aggregate stability parameters were greater in forest than in bush fallow at Ngoumou and Mfou, and greater in the F. macrophylla and natural regrowth systems than in the pepper and Pueraria systems. In Ngoumou and Nkometou, available water capacity increased. Plantain fresh-bunch yield was unaffected by village, fallow and cropping systems, and was not correlated with soil physical properties or their changes.     

Modelling species and spacing effects on root zone water dynamics using Hydrus-2D in an Amazonian agroforestry system

Modelling the root zone water dynamics in a tree crop agroforestry system is a useful approach to understanding small-scale effects in tree crop systems and may be helpful for optimizing tree spacing in agroforestry system planning. The agroforestry system in this study consists of the species Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd ex Spreng) Schum (Cupuaçu), Bactris gasipaes H.B.K. (peach palm) and the cover crop Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth (Pueraria). The soiltype is an oxisol. Calibration was conducted for each of the three species separately. Calibration results show good conformity between simulated and measured data. Simulated scenarios examine the influence of different spacing between trees on root water uptake, evaporation and drainage. Mean interception and crop factors of the whole flow region vary with spacing or are held constant to examine below-ground effects only. Also a fictitious scenario of an older agroforestry system with deeper roots is calculated. In order to overcome restrictions of the computer program Hydrus-2D, correction factors in the root zone were introduced and a calculation scheme for root water uptake of a flow subregion was developped. Below-ground effects of spacing between trees are not or almost not present, but the depth of the tree roots has a significant influence on root water uptake, evaporation and drainage. When mean interception and crop factor vary, drainage increases and root water uptake decreases slightly with spacing. The modelling approach has been found promising for optimizing agroforestry systems although it can only be seen as a first beginning. In an agroforestry systems under drier conditions differences in results will probably be larger.     

Effects on yield and nutrition of mycorrhizal and nodulated Pueraria phaseoloides exerted by P-solubilizing rhizobacteria

We studied the effect of bacteria involved in rock phosphate (four isolates), iron phosphate (two isolates), and aluminium phosphate (two isolates) solubilization, and two phytate-mineralizing bacteria in terms of their interaction with two Glomus spp. on Pueraria phaseoloides growth and nutrition. The plant —Rhizobium sp. — mucorrhiza symbiosis system may increase in yield and nutrition in association with specific rhizosphere bacteria that solubilize calcium, iron, and aluminium phosphates. No benefit from phytate-mineralizing bacteria was found under these experimental conditions. P. phaseloides growth responses were influenced in different ways by specific combinations of the selected bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Considerable stimulation of nutrient uptake was observed with fungus-bacteria combinations of Azospirillum sp. 1, Bacillus sp. 1 or Enterobacter (spp. 1 or 2) associated with G. mosseae. The fact that Bacillus sp. 1, a calcium-phosphate solubilizing isolate, positively interacted with G. mosseae and negatively with G. fasciculatum is an indication of specific functional compatibility between the biotic components integrated in the system. From our results, the interactions between bacterial groups able to solubilize specific phosphate and mycorrhizal fungi cannot be interpreted as occurring only via P solubilization mechanisms since no generalized effect was obtained. Iron-phosphate solubilizing microorganisms were more active alone than in dual associations with Glomus sp., but the aluminium-phosphate dissolving isolates positively interacted in mycorrhizal plants. Further work is needed in this area in order to elucidate the mechanisms that affect rhizosphere microorganism interactions. G. mosseae was more effective but less infective than G. fasciculatum in most of the combined treatments.     

HPLC法分离狐尾葛甾体成分研究

[目的]研究狐尾葛的化学成分。[方法]系统溶剂萃取及硅胶柱层析后,HPLC纯化获得单体,通过特征反应及波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。[结果]从狐尾葛中分离鉴定了2个甾体类化合物,即6-羟基-豆甾-4-烯-3-酮（I）和6-羟基-豆甾-4,22（E）-二烯-3-酮（II）。[结论]化合物I、II均首次从该植物中分离得到。