The Influence of the Housing System on Salmonella Infections in Laying Hens: A Review

From 2012 onwards, housing of laying hens in conventional battery cages will be forbidden in the European Union and only enriched cages and non‐cage housing systems such as aviaries, floor‐raised, free‐range and organic systems will be allowed. Although this ban aims at improving the welfare of laying hens, it has also initiated the question whether there are any adverse consequences of this decision, especially with respect to the spread and/or persistence of zoonotic agents in a flock. A zoonotic agent that is traditionally associated with the consumption of eggs and egg products is Salmonella enteritidis. This paper provides a summary of the current knowledge regarding the direct and indirect effects of different housing systems on the occurrence and epidemiology of Salmonella in laying hen flocks.     

“三线一圆”理念对高等教育工作的启示

借鉴“三线一圆”企业管理理论,把高校看作一个“生产”人才的特殊“企业”,将该理论中用于描绘企业生存和发展美好蓝图的业务线、制度线、声誉线和文化圆这四个抽象的管理元素用于构建高校教育管理的新模式。指出在高等教育工作中,通过强化高等教育事业的业务质量线、制度管理线、品牌声誉线,夯实校园文化内涵圆,从而构建全面造就人,综合发展人,科学培养人这一高等教育管理的系统工程。     

O型口蹄疫病毒P1-2A3C基因在家蚕杆状病毒表达系统中的表达

口蹄疫是一种严重危害畜牧业生产的烈性传染病。为了促进O型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)基因工程活载体疫苗的研制,选取O型FMDV编码序列中的衣壳蛋白前体P1-2A基因和蛋白酶3C基因,插入家蚕杆状病毒转移载体pVL1393中,构建重组载体pVL-P1-2A3C,并与线性化病毒Bm-BacPAK6 DNA共转染家蚕BmN细胞,获得重组病毒Bm-P1-2A3C。将重组病毒感染家蚕5龄幼虫,以双抗体夹心ELISA法和间接血凝方法检测血淋巴中的表达产物:目的蛋白在感染病毒后120 h的蚕血淋巴中表达量最高,抗原表达呈阳性的最大稀释倍数为1∶128。结果显示O型FMDV的P1-2A3C基因已在家蚕体内获得表达。     

西安市44个草坪草品种引种试验研究

为选择适合西安市城市绿化草坪草种,于2001—2003年在西安市进行了草坪草引种试验研究,其中包括黑麦草、羊茅、翦股颖、早熟禾属在内的44个品种。通过建立草坪草评价体系,观察了草坪草颜色、盖度、密度、均一性等4项指标,并筛选出适应性较好,品质相对优良的早熟禾,高羊茅等草坪草品种,以供西安市绿化建植草坪参考。     

Review of the measuring precision of the new Meibometer® MB550 through repeated measurements in dogs

Objective A meibometer is a device to measure the delivery rate of lipids on the eyelid margin. The aim of this study is to determine the measuring precision of the new Meibometer^® MB550 (Courage-Khazaka electronic GmbH, 50829, Cologne, Germany), linked to a computer, by means of repeated measurements in dogs by different examiners. Procedure Two investigators measured the lipid rate on the eyelid margin in 10 healthy dogs for 10 days. One examiner measured the right eye (OD) and the other measured the left eye (OS) for 5 days. After 5 days, the eyes to be measured were switched between the examiners. The new device was able to record all measurement values as charts and curves in comparison to the previous Meibometer, which displayed only one value. Results Mean meibomium lipid level ± SD in the OD and OS of 10 dogs in 10 days was 211 ± 48 MU and 205 ± 41 MU (meibometer units), respectively. There was no significant difference between OD and OS, but a broad distribution of the values could be found. Gender did not influence the measurements. A significant difference was determined between the measurements in the first 5 days to those in the following 5 days. There was, therefore, also a significant difference in the measurements of the 2 examiners. Conclusion Meibometry is a minimally invasive lipid measuring method on the eyelid margin. Repeated measurement results obtained by two examiners, with the new device Meibometer MB550 linked to a computer, showed a wide range of values. The measuring precision of the new Meibometer MB550 is therefore questionable.     

纤维素分解功能菌及其在草业系统界面中的利用潜势

草业系统界面论完善了草业科学的理论,为分析草业生产中系统耦合和系统相悖提供了新的方法论。本研究就国内外关于纤维素分解功能菌方面的相关报道,从纤维素分解菌的物种资源、微生物分泌的纤维素酶资源、纤维素酶基因资源3个方面总结纤维素分解功能菌的资源优势。以系统论和草业系统界面论为理论依据,从草地农业系统中的3个界面,即草丛-地境界面(A)、草地-动物界面(B) 和草畜-经营管理界面(C),分析纤维素分解功能菌资源在草业系统中的利用潜势,认为纤维素分解功能菌在土壤有机质分解、资源循环利用、环境保护、缓解草畜矛盾等方面具有一定的应用前景。并提出3个发展方向：1）继续以生态学研究为基础,研究纤维素分解菌多样性和生态功能的相互关系;2）选育对牧草及农作物秸秆具有高效降解作用的优良菌株,通过非传统的农业方法来解决家畜养殖中的饲料来源;3）促进家畜-作物系统深度耦合,维持整个草地农业生态系统有机协调地持续发展。     

论野生动物侵权的法律制度

野生动物的保护在近些年来备受关注,由于环境的逐渐恶劣,致使很多野生动物不得不离开原来的生长之地,从新寻找能够生存的栖息地。野生动物从曾经的远离人类,到现今的与人类争夺领地,这种现象不仅破坏了野生动物的生活轨迹,也扰乱了人类的正常生活,更直接致使野生动物的侵权案件频频发生。我国野生动物保护法于1989年开始实施。纵观这几十年来的实施状况,不难发现我国的野生动物保护法已经无法适应社会经济、生活环境的变化。如何协调保护人类的合法利益与保护野生动物之间的冲突问题日益严峻,但这一问题却是我国野生动物保护法中的一项缺失。因此,本文将着重阐述如何完善野生动物侵权的救济制度并给予合理的建议。     

国外生猪育种体系简析及对我国生猪育种的几点思考

选择是生猪育种的核心,而准确地选择和选种依赖于完善和成熟的育种体系。国际养猪发达国家(国际育种企业)对育种体系不断完善,长期进行生长、繁殖和肉品质等各类性状的表型测定,运用多场联合评估和基因组选择等方法不断提高遗传评估的准确性,不断挖掘新的育种性状,并进行测定、评估和选育,实现了种猪群体持续的遗传改良和综合性能的不断提升。本文对欧美发达国家(国际育种企业)的生猪育种技术体系进行了综述,以期为我国的生猪育种工作提供参考,并促进我国生猪种业的创新发展。     

Monitoring distances travelled by horses using GPS tracking collars

Objective The aims of this work were to (1) develop a low-cost equine movement tracking collar based on readily available components, (2) conduct preliminary studies assessing the effects of both paddock size and internal fence design on the movements of domestic horses, with and without foals at foot, and (3) describe distances moved by mares and their foals. Additional monitoring of free-ranging feral horses was conducted to allow preliminary comparisons with the movement of confined domestic horses. Procedures A lightweight global positioning system (GPS) data logger modified from a personal/vehicle tracker and mounted on a collar was used to monitor the movement of domestic horses in a range of paddock sizes and internal fence designs for 6.5-day periods. Results In the paddocks used (0.8–16 ha), groups of domestic horses exhibited a logarithmic response in mean daily distance travelled as a function of increasing paddock size, tending asymptotically towards approximately 7.5 km/day. The distance moved by newborn foals was similar to their dams, with total distance travelled also dependent on paddock size. Without altering available paddock area, paddock design, with the exception of a spiral design, did not significantly affect mean daily distance travelled. Feral horses (17.9 km/day) travelled substantially greater mean daily distances than domestic horses (7.2 km/day in 16-ha paddock), even when allowing for larger paddock size. Conclusions Horses kept in stables or small yards and paddocks are quite sedentary in comparison with their feral relatives. For a given paddock area, most designs did not significantly affect mean daily distance travelled.