S‐locus diversity and cross‐compatibility of wild Prunus avium for timber breeding

Prunus avium is primarily cultivated for its fruit, sweet cherries. However, it is also used to produce high‐quality timber. In a P. avium seed orchard, gametophytic self‐incompatibility is a restriction for free pollen flow and should be considered when establishing basic forest materials. In this study, S‐locus diversity and cross‐incompatibility of wild cherry individuals in clonal banks established for breeding for timber production were investigated. Wild cherry trees (140) with outstanding forest growth habit, collected in northern Spain, grafted and planted in two clonal banks, were genotyped at the S‐locus. The self‐incompatibility S‐locus genes, S‐RNase and SFB, were analysed by PCR. Twenty‐two S‐haplotypes, resulting in 72 different S‐genotypes, were identified. The genotypes were grouped into 33 incompatibility groups and 39 unique genotypes. This initial S‐locus analysis revealed large genetic diversity of wild cherry trees from the Spanish northern deciduous forest, and provides useful information for seed orchard design. Wild P. avium displays significantly more genetic diversity than what is detected in local cultivars, revealing a narrowing of genetic diversity during local domestication.     

Identification of S-haplotypes of European cultivars of sour cherry

The sour cherry is known to exhibit the phenomenon of gametophytic self-incompatibility which prevents self-fertilization. In sour cherry, besides self-incompatible cultivars, there often occur self-compatible cultivars. This is due to the occurrence of natural mutations of the S-RNase or SFB genes and, consequently, loss of functionality of S-alleles. Here we present the results of the identification of S-haplotypes of 21 cultivars of sour cherry from various regions of Europe. The analyses were performed using methods based on the amplification of intron I and intron II of the S-RNase gene and fragments specific to the individual alleles of the S-RNase or SFB genes. The tested cultivars were found to contain 15 S-haplotypes: S₁, S_1?, S₄, S₆, S_6m, S_6m2, S₉, S₁₂, S₁₃, S_13?, S₂₆, S₃₅, S_36a, S_36b, and S_36b2. The most frequently occurring S-haplotypes were S_13? (61.9%), S_36a (57.1%), and S₂₆ (47.6%). On the basis of the results, 17 of the 21 cultivars were deduced to be self-compatible. The results will be of use in the production of sour cherry fruit by facilitating the selection of suitable pollinating cultivars. The results are also expected to be useful in the breeding of new cultivars of sour cherry when selecting genotypes for crosses.     

近150年北京春季物候对气候变化的响应

对北京春季6种物候的计算得出其代表性指标一山桃始花期，并分析物候对气温变化的响应模式。根据气温变化态势，将历史时期气温和物候资料划分为4个时间段，并采用u检验论证时间段间具有显著性差异，分析物候期对气温变化的响应模式和机制，得出：物候期的提前与推迟对温度的增高与降低的响应是非线性的，在同等增、降温幅度下，因降温而导致的物候期推迟幅度较因增温而导致物候期提前幅度小；平均气温增高1℃，北京春季物候期提前2．8—3．6d。并估算了未来北京春季物候变化趋势。     

桃果实品质动态变化及其对气象因子的响应

为提高桃品质并确定最佳采收期,以‘久保’为供试材料,分析果实的单果重、果径、硬度、可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量的变化规律,并利用多元回归法建立果实品质与关键气象因子的综合模型。结果表明：桃果实单果重和果径生长发育动态呈现“慢—快—慢”阶段性特征,且均符合Logister曲线,单果重增长极大值出现在花后91 d,纵径增长极大值出现在花后66 d,横径增长极大值出现时间比纵径推迟5 d;随着果实的成熟,硬度逐渐下降,可溶性固形物含量呈上升趋势,上升幅度逐渐加快,可滴定酸含量先小范围波动后迅速下降。结合回归分析结果可判定,果实品质主要受≥18℃积温、≥24℃积温、日均气温和累计日照时数的共同影响。在≥18℃积温≥1170.21℃、≥24℃积温≥769.23℃、日均气温≥27.00℃、累计日照时数≥318.89 h条件下,果实品质达到最佳成熟度。     

新疆‘晚丰’巴旦木花粉萌发培养基组分的筛选

为提高人工授粉中巴旦木的产量,本研究采用花粉离体培养法,筛选新疆‘晚丰’巴旦木品种花粉萌发中不同培养基组分的配方施用量,研究不同培养基配方组分对花粉萌发的影响。实验中在培养基内添加尿素、硼酸、氯化钙、吲哚乙酸、赤霉素和蔗糖,均能促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长,在一定范围内,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度均随培养基配方组份量的增加而增加,但超过一定添加量时,促进作用逐渐减弱并出现抑制作用。研究结果显示:添加0.1%尿素、0.01%硼酸、0.005%氯化钙、0.0001%吲哚乙酸、0.0015%赤霉素和10%蔗糖时,新疆‘晚丰’巴旦木品种花粉萌发率最高,花粉管长度也达到最大值。本研究结果为实践生产中人工授粉和相关研究提供参考和理论依据,也为进一步顺利进行亲和授粉研究提供前期理论基础。     

基于转录组测序的槜李EST-SSR标记开发

为开发槜李EST-SSR标记,本研究利用MISA软件筛选了槜李花转录组测序获得的35584条Unigenes,对其SSR信息进行分析后,利用Primer Premier 3.0软件设计EST-SSR引物,并随机选取40对SSR引物对12个李品种进行EST-SSR引物筛选及多态性分析。结果发现,在槜李花转录组中共搜索到个10791个SSR位点,分布于8433条Unigenes,SSR发生频率为23.70%,平均每3.71 kb含有1个SSR;SSR重复基元中二核苷酸重复出现频率最高,占总SSR数量的52.98%,其次为三核苷酸重复(占24.00%)和单核苷酸重复(占20.95%);二核苷酸重复基元以AG/CT为主(85.95%),三核苷酸重复基元以AAG/CTT为主(31.24%)。利用Primer Premier 3.0软件共设计出9870对候选引物,随机选择40对引物对12个李品种进行SSR引物筛选及多态性分析。40对引物均能扩增出预期大小的条带,有效扩增效率为100%,40对引物中有5对引物在12个李品种中表现出多态性。本研究开发的EST-SSR标记可为李属植物遗传多样性分析提供丰富的候选标记,同时可为槜李发育相关功能基因定位、遗传图谱构建、及分子标记辅助育种等研究提供帮助。     

Cherry picking by pseudomonads: After a century of research on canker,genomics provides insights into the evolution of pathogenicity towards stone fruits

Bacterial canker disease is a major limiting factor in the growing of cherry and other Prunus species worldwide. At least five distinct clades within the bacterial species complex Pseudomonas syringae are known to be causal agents of the disease. The different pathogens commonly coexist in the field. Reducing canker is a challenging prospect as the efficacy of chemical controls and host resistance may vary against each of the diverse clades involved. Genomic analysis has revealed that the pathogens use a variable repertoire of virulence factors to cause the disease. Significantly, strains of P. syringae pv. syringae possess more genes for toxin biosynthesis and fewer encoding type III effector proteins. There is also a shared pool of key effector genes present on mobile elements such as plasmids and prophages that may have roles in virulence. By contrast, there is evidence that absence or truncation of certain effector genes, such as hopAB, is characteristic of cherry pathogens. Here we highlight how recent research, underpinned by the earlier epidemiological studies, is allowing significant progress in our understanding of the canker pathogens. This fundamental knowledge, combined with emerging insights into host genetics, provides the groundwork for development of precise control measures and informed approaches to breed for disease resistance.     

利用RAPD分析梅栽培品种间的遗传变异

利用RAPD标记分析了梅16个栽培品种间的遗传变异。32个10碱基的随机引物扩增出181条谱带,其中138条为多态性谱带。相似系数的计算结果表明:梅栽培品种间存在较大的遗传多态性,但主要表现在真梅系与杏梅系、樱李梅系之间;聚类分析结果显示,RAPD能区分开梅的3个系,并且支持形态学分类中将枝姿作为一级分类标准的论断。     

台湾本地种梅树的需冷量评估

台湾本地种梅树需冷量的评估方法是在本所比较桃关键栽培种（Ｋｅｙｃｕｌｔｉｖａｒｓ）与待评估梅品种间的花期早晚．由此方法评估结果暂定‘万山’及‘胭脂’梅的需冷量为１００个低温单位（ｃｈｉｌｕｎｉｔ,ＣＵ）,‘大青’、‘房炳雄’及‘桃形’梅约８０ＣＵ,‘山连’约７０ＣＵ．目前（１９９８年）正累积更多调查数据（已调查５ａ）,以“试误法”进行梅树低温需求量电脑模式化的探讨     

梅、桃、李、杏、樱的RAPD分析

用ＲＡＰＤ技术对梅的野生种及其近缘种桃、李、杏、樱共计１７个样品的系统发育进行了研究．１２个１０碱基的随机引物共扩增出１３１条带,其中６５条为多态性带．通过对这些扩增带的分析,作者认为梅的基因中渗入了较多的杏、李基因．聚类分析的结果表明：李、杏在梅的系统发育过程中处于基本等同的地位,桃、樱与梅的亲缘关系则相隔较远．