滴灌施肥对幼龄茶树生长和养分吸收的影响

通过田间试验,研究了龙井43、白叶1号品种茶园滴灌施肥对幼龄茶树生长、养分吸收、品质成分等的影响,分析了不同施肥模式下的施肥成本投入情况。结果表明,与常规开沟施肥相比,采用滴灌施肥后,即使在化肥减量25%的情况下,树高、主干直径、树幅都显著增加,修剪物生物量增加明显;茶树对养分的吸收量明显增加,而养分的渗漏损失明显减少,从而提高了养分利用效率。从滴灌施肥的次数上分析,龙井43品种,在试验条件下年施肥次数7次可以达到较好效果,而白叶1号品种,年施14次的效果较好。     

基于主成分分析的不同茶树品种在湖北地区的适应性评价

为客观准确地评价19个茶树品种在湖北地区的适应性。本研究以‘福鼎大白茶’（CK）为对照,对19个茶树品种在湖北地区的茶苗成活率、新梢物候期、产量性状、制茶品质和抗逆性等指标进行系统比较分析,并应用主成分分析法对不同茶树品种在湖北地区的适应性进行综合评价。结果表明,在主成分分析时前3个主成分的累积方差贡献率达到76.96%,分别为“产量抗性因子”“物候期因子”“品质因子”;以前3个主成分的线性回归方程和贡献率构建适应性综合评价模型,综合得分超过CK的有10个品种,其中‘茶农98’‘鄂茶12’‘陕茶1号’和‘岚里香’4个品种的综合评价得分明显高于其他品种,为最适宜湖北及相似茶区推广应用品种;综合得分低于CK的有9个品种,其中‘白叶一号’‘中黄1号’‘漕溪1号’和‘鸟王106’4个品种的综合得分明显低于其他品种,为不适宜湖北及相似茶区推广应用品种。     

不同限水条件下施肥方式对小麦产量构成因素的影响

为了提高水分和肥料的利用效率,2015~2016年进行了限水条件下施肥方式对产量构成因素影响的试验。结果表明:底施三元素复合肥+春季浇2水(拔节水+开花水)的产量最高;在相同水分或肥力条件下对穗数的影响较小,穗粒数、不孕小穗数随着水肥条件的不同变化较大,说明在小麦生产中水分和养分是制约小麦生产的主要因素。     

灌水对强筋小麦籽粒产量及营养品质的影响

为明确水地强筋冬小麦高产、优质、高效的灌溉技术,试验设3个灌水时期8个灌溉处理［越冬期灌1水（W₁）,拔节期灌1水（W₂）,孕穗期灌1水（W₃）,越冬期和拔节期灌2水（W₁₂）,越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃）,拔节期和孕穗期灌2水（W₂₃）,越冬期、拔节期和孕穗期灌3水（W₁₂3）,全生育期不灌水处理（CK）］,于小麦成熟期测定籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量和淀粉含量。结果表明,与不灌水的CK比较,所有灌水处理的籽粒产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、蛋白质产量以及籽粒淀粉含量均显著增加,但籽粒的总蛋白及其组分含量均呈不同程度降低（W₁处理除外）。越冬期灌水对有效穗数、籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量、淀粉含量的提升作用较大;拔节期灌水对穗粒数的提升作用较大,但对淀粉含量的提升作用较小,对总蛋白及其组分含量的降低作用较大;孕穗期灌水对千粒重的提升作用较大,对蛋白质产量的提升作用较小。随着灌水次数增加,小麦籽粒产量显著提高,淀粉含量先显著提高后基本不变,而籽粒总蛋白及其组分含量降低。W₁₂3处理籽粒产量最高,其次是W₁₃处理;W₁处理籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量最高,其次是W₁₂及W₁₃处理;W₂₃处理淀粉含量最高,其次是W₁₂或W₁₃处理。综合各项指标,最好的灌水组合是越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃）。     

春季低温对小麦颖果发育的影响

为了探明春季低温（倒春寒）导致小麦减产的细胞学机理,以扬麦15为材料,在小麦幼穗处于雌雄蕊分化期至药隔期之间时,设置-3 ℃低温处理,通过树脂半薄切片对颖果不同发育时期的形态结构进行观察。结果表明：（1）在颖果发育早期,低温促进了颖果的长度生长,抑制了宽度生长;与对照相比,低温处理组小麦颖果发育进程缩短;（2）低温处理组颖果果皮发育早,中果皮降解速度快;（3）低温处理增加了胚乳淀粉体的积累量,降低了蛋白体的积累量,发育后期胚乳充实度显著低于对照组;（4）与对照相比,低温处理后颖果韧皮部面积和珠心突起传递细胞面积增大。以上结果表明,春季低温处理更有利于养分运输组织的发育,使得灌浆时间缩短,最终导致淀粉积累量增加及颖果早熟。     

夏玉米产量时空变化及气候年型分析

定量分析夏玉米同一品种产量及产量构成要素时空变化,探讨造成产量时空差异的气候年型组合变化特征。基于2004～2013年夏玉米种植区郑单958多点田间试验数据分析表明,夏玉米区域平均产量为9 055 kg/hm~2,年际差为1 635 kg/hm~2,变幅为18.1%;地点差4 258 kg/hm~2,变幅为47.1%。夏玉米区域平均千粒重为313 g,年际变幅为13.1%;地点变幅为27.8%。夏玉米区域平均穗粒数为479,年际变幅为18.0%,地点变幅为38.7%。千粒重的增加导致夏玉米产量显著增加。穗粒数显著降低和时空差异大是造成产量波动和时空差异变幅大的主要原因。夏玉米产量和产量构成要素,低产点受各气候要素变化的影响显著;平产点受温度和日最高温度大于33℃的天数影响显著;高产点受降水影响显著。     

新疆春小麦育成品种耐热性评价

为筛选出耐热性好的小麦种质材料,通过开花期至成熟期人工模拟高温胁迫环境,以千粒重热感指数为主要评价指标,评价了新疆近30年来审定的春小麦品种的相对耐热性,并分析了高温胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量的影响。结果表明,与自然生长相比,高温胁迫条件下新疆春小麦育成品种的千粒重、籽粒宽度的变化均达到了极显著水平（P<0.01）,籽粒长度变化不显著(P>0.05),不同品种间耐热性存在很大差异。综合三年千粒重热感指数（HSI）分析,耐热性相对较好的品种有17个,连续三年HSI＜1的品种有11个,其中新春37号、新春2号、新春38号在高温胁迫条下千粒重变化较小,产量较稳定,为强耐热品种;对高温敏感品种有26个,连续三年HSI≥1的品种有13个,其中新春13号、新春18号、新春33号耐热性相对较弱。高温胁迫影响小麦籽粒的品质,其中13.95%的品种蛋白质含量降低,6.98%的品种湿面筋含量降低,其他品种高温胁迫后籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量均较自然生长有所提高。     

Roles of protein phosphatase 4 in down-regulation of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation induced by palmitic acid in human umbilical vein endotheli?al cells

AIMTo investigate the roles of protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) in down-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) Ser633 phosphorylation induced by palmitic acid (PA). METHODSHuman umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with PA at 25 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L and 200μmol/L for 36 h, or treated with PA at 100 μmol/L for 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) family inhibitor fostriecin (FST, 20 nmol/L) or okadaic acid (OA, 5 nmol/L) was selected to pretreat the HUVECs for 30 min. Protein phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit (PP4c) siRNA or protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) siRNA was transfected into the HUVECs. The protein expression levels of of eNOS, PP4c and PP2Ac, as well as the level of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation, were detected by Western blot. The intracellular nitric oxide (NO) content was measured by DAF-FM DA. RESULTS(1) Compared with control group, the levels of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation were decreased in PA groups in which the HUVECs were treated with 25 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L and 200 μmol/L PA for 36 h (P<0.05) and 100 μmol/L PA for 24 h, 36 h and 48 h (P<0.05). No significant difference in the level of total eNOS protein expression among all the groups was observed. (2) Compared with control group, both FST and OA pretreatment reversed the reduction of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation (P<0.05) and the decrease in intracellular NO content (P<0.05) induced by PA. No significant difference in the level of total eNOS protein expression among all the groups was observed. (3) Compared with si-Control group, the PP4c protein expression was significantly reduced (P<0.05), while the level of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation was significantly increased in si-PP4c group (P<0.05). Although the levels of PP2Ac protein expression declined significantly (P<0.05), the level of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation remained unchanged in si-PP2Ac group. No significant differencein the level of total eNOS protein expression among all the groups was found. CONCLUSION PA significantly reduces the level of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation and the content of NO in the HUVECs, which may be due to PA inducing the activation of the PP2A family member PP4 rather than PP2A.     

Response of industrial hemp to Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities under organic and conventional fertilisation

A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrition systems and Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities on industrial hemp yield and its components. Experiments were conducted as a split plot in a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Factors were fertilisation (poultry manure, vermicompost and nitrogen fertiliser) as the main plot and weed density (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants/m²) as the subplot. Results indicated that the maximum number of racemes per plant, seeds per raceme, 1000-seed weight, biomass, grain yield and harvest index (HI) of industrial hemp were obtained using vermicompost and were reduced with nitrogen fertiliser application. All measured properties in hemp plants decreased due to increasing S. kali subsp. tragus density, especially at 15 and 20 plants/m². The most significant reduction in hemp grain yield and its components was observed by increasing weed density with the application of nitrogen fertiliser. The application of vermicompost at high weed densities resulted in greater hemp grain yield and its components compared with nitrogen fertiliser. It is recommended to apply organic fertilisers, especially vermicompost at high S. kali subsp. tragus densities.     

Season-specific varietal management as an option to increase rainfed lowland rice production in East African high altitude cropping systems

Due to land expansion and an increase in productivity, rice production in sub-Saharan Africa has been growing at a rate of 6% in the past decade. Rainfed rice production systems have accounted for a large share of this expansion. In these systems, the potential growing period not only depends on the length of the rainy season and thus water availability, but is often, especially in the highlands of East Africa, bordered by the onset of the cool period of the year, when low minimum temperatures compromise rice yields. The objective of this study was to investigate the yield potential of 30 rice varieties contrasting in crop duration and cold tolerance in the highlands of East Africa, with its limited length of growing period. A field trial was conducted in the cropping seasons in 2016 and 2017 at the Fogera rice research station, Ethiopia. As a function of the onset of rains, rice was sown mid-July in 2016 and early July in 2017. Early sowing in 2017 led to an extended crop duration and significantly lower yields of the short-duration varieties, and to a shortened duration and significantly higher yields of the medium- and long-duration varieties, when compared to late sowing in 2016. Late sowing compromised yield of the medium- and long-duration varieties because of low temperatures during booting stage, which led to high spikelet sterility. Early sowing resulted in low yields of the short-duration varieties, probably due to low solar radiation during the cloudy rainy season, which coincided with the vegetative stage. Therefore, choice of variety should be a function of the variable onset of the rainy season and related sowing date. However, crop models precisely calibrated for potential varieties and the respective environmental conditions could fully support the selection of a suitable variety, depending on the date of sowing, for example with the help of online tools or smartphone applications.