克氏原螯虾形态与体重的通径分析

[目的]确定影响克氏原螯虾体重的主要形态性状,以期为克氏原螯虾的亲本选育、形态辅助育种提供理论基础。[方法]选取了350尾雌性克氏原螯虾和302尾雄性克氏原螯虾,分别测量其体重(Y)、全长(X1)、头胸甲长(X2)、头胸甲宽(X3)、腹节总长(X4)、第一腹节长(X5)和第一腹节宽(X6)。采用相关分析、多元回归分析和通径分析,以体重为因变量形态性状为自变量,计算了雌雄克氏原螯虾各性状间的相关系数,通径系数和决定系数。[结果]相关分析结果显示,雌雄克氏原螯虾各性状间相关性皆达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);多元回归分析中,雌雄克氏原螯虾剔除了与体重性状不显著的形态性状,建立的多元回归方程分别为Y雌=－34.689+10.629X2+6.479X3+0.803X1,Y雄=－33.413+5.727X2+6.770X3+2.043X1+3.045X6 ;通径分析结果表明,头胸甲长在雌性克氏原螯虾中对体重的直接作用最大,其次是全长和头胸甲宽,全长和头胸甲宽通过头胸甲长对体重的间接作用较大。在雄性中,也是头胸甲长的直接作用最大,其次是全长和头胸甲宽以及第一腹节宽,第一腹节宽通过头胸甲长、宽和全长对体重的间接作用最大。[结论]以上结果可为克氏原螯虾的选育奠定基础。     

饲料蛋白质水平对克氏原螯虾幼体消化酶活性和肌肉成分的影响

用4种等能不同质量分数的蛋白质饲料(30%、35%、40%和45%)饲喂克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii Girard)幼虾(5.46 g±0.51 g )28 d后,分析不同蛋白水平的饲料对克氏原螯虾幼虾肠道和肝胰脏消化酶活性和体成分的影响.结果表明:(1)饲料蛋白质浓度对脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性均有显著性影响(P<0.05);并随着饲料蛋白水平的提高,两酶活性都呈现先升高后降低的趋势.其中肠道蛋白酶和肝胰脏蛋白酶活性分别在饲料蛋白质浓度为40%和35%时最高;肠道和肝胰脏脂肪酶活性均在饲料蛋白质浓度为40%时最高,且各饲料组肝胰脏脂肪酶活性差异显著(P<0.05),而35%组和40%组之间的肠道脂肪酶活性无显著性差异(P>0.05).克氏原螯虾幼体的肠道和肝胰脏淀粉酶活性随饲料蛋白质水平的升高均呈波浪式变化;35%组与45%组之间的肠道淀粉酶活性和30%与45%组之间的肝胰脏淀粉酶活性均无显著性差异(P>0.05).(2)随着饲料中蛋白水平的升高,克氏原螯虾肌肉中蛋白质含量只有45%组显著升高(P<0.05),其他饲料组肌肉蛋白含量虽有上升趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05).随着饲料蛋白浓度的增加,肌肉中脂肪含量反而下降,除30%组外,各组间差异显著(P<0.05).对克氏原螯虾肌肉灰分的测定表明,饲料蛋白浓度对肌肉中灰分含量的影响不显著(P>0.05).     

不同运输方式和时间对虾苗死亡率的影响

实际生产过程中克氏原螯虾（又称小龙虾,Procambarus clarkii）需经过长时间运输,运输苗种成活率直接影响到养殖户的经济效益。为比较各种运输方式的死亡率,重点关注虾蟹混养“兴化模式”中定量放养抱籽虾环节,通过模拟运输实验研究不同运输方式：覆盖青苔、氧气包和不同运输时间：1、2、3 h对苗种死亡率的影响。结果表明相比带水运输,抱籽虾覆盖青苔运输1、2、3 h后死亡率分别降低30.56%、27.11%、16.00%。小规格虾苗运输过程中,使用氧气包运输较覆盖青苔运输1、2、3 h后死亡率分别降低76.99%、70.77%、72.16%。中等规格虾苗运输过程中,覆盖青苔运输较蟹苗箱运输3、6 h后死亡率分别降低13.43%、9.08%。通过该实验,养殖户可以根据需求选择合理的运输方式。     

福寿螺产卵高度与克氏原螯虾捕食卵块的关系

为探讨利用克氏原螯虾作为生物防治福寿螺的一种途径,在实验室条件下研究螯虾对距水面不同高度的福寿螺卵块的捕食情况,并利用均匀设计和支持向量回归(UD-SVR)的方法对影响福寿螺产卵高度的因素进行分析。结果表明,福寿螺卵块距离水面的高度严重制约了螯虾的捕食效果,卵块距离水面越高螯虾对其捕食率越低;在福寿螺的大小、水面以上岸壁的高度、夜间温度、夜间湿度4个因素中,只有水面以上岸壁的高度这一因素对福寿螺产卵高度具有显著影响,随着距离的增大、福寿螺产卵高度上升,螯虾捕食卵块的难度也增加。因此在稻田及沟渠、池塘中,福寿螺产卵高峰期适当降低水位,产卵后抬高水位有利于螯虾对福寿螺卵块的捕食。     

淡水小龙虾资源的综合利用及其开发价值

综述了淡水小龙虾的资源状况、养殖前景及其综合利用的产业化开发。     

溴氰菊酯对克氏原螯虾肌肉组织的毒性研究

为研究溴氰菊酯对克氏原螯虾的毒性效应及致毒机制,实验将克氏原螯虾成虾暴露于农药溴氰菊酯0.5、0.1和0.005μg/L三个浓度的药液中24h后,采用透射电镜观察克氏原螯虾肌肉组织超微结构损伤情况,并以细胞色素氧化酶活力(CCO)、乳酸脱氢酶活力(LDH)和乳酸(LD)含量为生物标志物评价溴氰菊酯对克氏原螯虾肌细胞呼吸产能功能的影响。结果显示,三个浓度的溴氰菊酯都会造成肌细胞超微机构不同程度的损伤,且浓度越大损伤越严重,损伤主要表现为肌原纤维断裂、肌浆网溶解,线粒体溶解。此外,三个浓度的溴氰菊酯都会对CCO活力、LDH活力和LD含量产生影响。其中0.1 μg/L的溴氰菊酯在6~24 h的暴露处理过程中会对肌肉的CCO活力产生极显著的抑制作用(P<0.01), LDH活力增强,乳酸含量上升。研究表明,0.5、0.1和0.005μg/L溴氰菊酯可以造成克氏原螯虾肌细胞超微结构损伤,激活细胞的厌氧呼吸,在组织中产生大量的乳酸,乳酸的蓄积会对造成细胞酸化而加重对细胞的毒性。     

Oral vaccination trials with crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, to induce resistance to the white spot syndrome virus

The potential of oral vaccination against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in crayfish Procambarus clarkii was investigated. The protective effect of binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated WSSV was tested by oral vaccination, followed by an oral challenge with WSSV. The crayfish fed with feed pellets coated with BEI-inactivated WSSV showed a resistance to WSSV on the seventh day post vaccination (dpv). The relative percentage survival values were 60%, 70% and 75% for the vaccinated once, twice and thrice with inactivated WSSV. Following an intramuscular injection experiment, no mortality was recorded in the inactivated WSSV group and the negative control at 17 days post challenge. The cumulative mortalities in the heated WSSV group and WSSV group were 100%. Shrimp that survived the WSSV challenge on the seventh day after cessation of oral vaccination were positive for the presence of WSSV by a polymerase chain reaction assay specific for WSSV. This result indicated that inactivated WSSV could protect crayfish against WSSV by oral delivery.     

Growth performance and muscle composition response to reduced feeding levels in juvenile red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852)

Overfeeding in aquaculture can lead to suboptimal growth and increased production costs. Red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, is one of the most noteworthy species cultured in China, but little information is available on the optimal feeding levels of this species, especially in ponds cultured with macrophytes. In this study, we tested the effects of five different feeding levels (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% satiation) of an artificial diet on growth performance and muscle composition of juvenile P. clarkii in 15 concrete ponds cultured with the macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata (three replicates for each treatment). The results showed that growth performance decreased only when feeding levels were below 60% satiation. Muscle composition analysis revealed that the moisture and ash contents of muscle did not vary significantly with feeding levels but that the lipid and protein contents of muscle significantly decreased when P. clarkii was fed to 40% satiation. Stable isotope analysis suggested a shift in crayfish diets to easily available H. verticillata when feeding levels decreased. With this study, we hope to encourage crayfish farmers to reduce feeding levels and increase natural food items such as macrophytes in cultured ponds to maximize crayfish yields and reduce production costs.     

Juvenile Procambarus clarkii farmed using biofloc technology or commercial feed in zero‐water exchange indoor tanks: A comparison of growth performance,enzyme activity and proximate composition

A 60‐day study comparing the growth performance; proximate composition and the digestive, immune and antioxidant enzyme activities of juvenile red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) reared using biofloc technology (the biofloc group) or a commercial diet (the control group) in zero‐water exchange indoor tanks was performed. A commercial diet was fed to both groups, and the daily feeding amount in the biofloc group was 40% less than that in the control group. Wheat bran and glucose were used in the biofloc group to ensure a C/N ratio >15 and the same feeding energy as that given to the control group. After 60 days of feeding, the final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate in the biofloc group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Furthermore, proximate composition analysis showed that the total hepatopancreatic lipid and ash contents of the biofloc group were significantly higher than those of the control group, and the intestinal and hepatopancreatic pepsin activities in crayfish in the biofloc group were higher than those in crayfish in the control group. Moreover, higher hepatopancreatic lipase and cellulase activities were observed for the biofloc group than for the control group. Biofloc technology promoted the health of the crayfish in terms of their immune and antioxidant enzyme activities. Based on the results of this study, biofloc technology is more effective than traditional commercial diets for the farming of juvenile crayfish.     

Reproduction efficiency of the crayfish Procambarus acanthophorus in relation to size and diet

Reproductive efficiency of the largest individuals and a random group of broodstock of crayfish Procambarus acanthophorus was measured using two commercial shrimp feeds, Feed 1 (F1) broodstocks (40%/9% protein/lipids) and Feed 2 (F2) growth-out (35%/7% protein/lipids). An experimental design of four treatments with two replicates was used. Females were labeled with elastomers to determine the time between spawning and number of offspring per treatment. The number of ovigerous females in the largest individuals fed F2 (58) was significantly higher than ovigerous females in the control group fed F1 (30).The number of young crayfish per female produced in the largest individuals (173 ± 71.6) treatment was significantly higher than the crayfish produced in the control group (86.6 ± 42.6). The average interval between spawns, regardless of diet, in the largest females was 2.9 months and 2.6 months in control group females.