Genetic parameter estimates for body weight in local Venda chickens

Genetic parameters were estimated for Venda chicken body weights at hatching, and at 4 weeks, 10 weeks and 21 weeks of age. A single-trait animal model with restricted maximum-likelihood procedures was used. Random effects were additive direct and maternal genetic, common environmental and error. The heritability estimates for direct effects were 0.36, 0.25, 0.41 and 0.22 for hatch, 4 weeks, 10 weeks and 21 weeks, respectively. The maternal effects were estimated at hatch and 4 weeks of age and were not present at later ages. Common environmental effects disappeared with increasing age. There was an antagonistic relationship between direct and maternal effects. The results show potential for genetic improvement of indigenous Venda chickens through selection. Maternal effects should be considered if selection is carried out at early ages.     

抗生素替代物对畜禽生产的影响研究进展

目前,许多国家均出台了相关的法律规范,开始限制或禁止使用抗生素类饲料添加剂饲喂畜禽。因此,进一步开发利用其替代品成为发展畜牧业的必然趋势,业内人士也审时度势地开展了这方面的科学试验。综述了近年来国内利用复方中草药添加剂、姜黄素、百御素、葡萄糖酸、谷氨酰胺及其组合物等分别代替抗生素饲喂肉仔鸡、仔猪的可行性与效果。结果表明,利用这些替代物质饲喂肉仔鸡和仔猪后,其表现出的生产性能和健康状况与饲喂抗生素者相当,甚至某些重要生产指标还优于抗生素组。     

Assessment of yeast cell wall as replacements for antibiotic growth promoters in broiler diets: effects on performance, intestinal histo-morphology and humoral immune responses

The study compared the effects of an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and yeast cell wall (YCW) on performance, microbiology and histo-morphology of the small intestine and humoral immune responses in Ross 308 broilers. The treatments (eight replicates/treatment, n = 12/replicate) were negative control (NC, without AGP), positive control (PC, supplemented with bacitracin methylene disalicylate, 400 mg/kg), Y and YCW (supplemented with yeast and YCW, respectively, 1000 mg/kg). Live weight at 42 days improved (p = 0.086) in the PC, Y and YCW groups. Feed conversion ratio was better (p = 0.039) in the YCW group compared with the other groups. Antibiotic growth promoter in the PC group shortened the villi in duodenum (p = 0.044). Mucosal Escherichia coli number was higher in the PC group (p < 0.001), whereas in the digesta E. coli number was lower (p = 0.001) in the PC, Y and YCW groups in relation to the NC. Mucosal Salmonella populations increased (p = 0.0001) in the PC group, whereas in the digesta, all treatments reduced the Salmonella (p = 0.0001). Following oral challenge with Salmonella pullorum, YCW increased E. coli numbers on the mucosa (p < 0.001) whereas in the digesta the Y group had lower (p < 0.0001) number of E. coli. In the digesta, Salmonella count was lower in the YCW group compared with the other treatments (p < 0.01). Yeast cell wall -treated birds exhibited better (p < 0.05) humoral immune response against Newcastle disease which was far more persistent over time than in any other treatments. It was concluded that the yeast and the yeast cell wall may have effects identical to BMD on performance of broilers and thus may constitute an effective replacement strategy in the dietary regimens for broiler chickens.     

高压蒸气灭菌的普通鸡饲料与SPF鸡专用饲料的营养差异及其对血清果冻样的影响

对普通鸡饲料、SPF鸡专用饲料采用高压蒸气或钴60辐照灭菌,对其灭菌后的灭菌效果、营养成分指标进行分析比较来探讨引起育成SPF鸡血清果冻样的原因。结果表明:高压蒸气灭菌的普通的鸡饲料蛋白质含量和脂肪含量分别比钴60辐照灭菌的SPF鸡专用饲料高2.94%和2.48%,而种鸡多维采用高压蒸气灭菌可导致维生素B1缺失。本试验的结果提示饲喂经高压蒸气灭菌的普通饲料与种鸡多维可能会因营养物质配比不协调导致育成SPF鸡容易出现果冻样血清。     

地塞米松和饲粮能量水平对肉仔鸡能量采食及神经肽Y基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨注射地塞米松(DEX)模拟应激状态下,应激和饲粮能量水平对肉仔鸡能量采食的影响。选取体重相近的180只23日龄的雄性爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验采用2×3析因设计,因素为DEX[处理(注射DEX2 mg/kg)、未处理(注射等剂量生理盐水)]和饲粮能量水平[高能(HE)、低能(LE)以及高能、低能自由采食(H-LE)]。预试期5 d,正试期7 d。结果表明:1)DEX处理极显著降低了肉仔鸡的采食量和体增重(P<0.01),极显著提高了耗料增重比、耗能增重比、腹脂率以及血浆葡萄糖、甘油三酯和尿酸的浓度(P<0.01),显著提高了肠道指数(P<0.05)。2)采用LE饲粮体增重(P<0.05)、腹脂率(P<0.01)显著低于其他2种饲粮,耗料增重比显著低于HE饲粮(P<0.05);采用HE饲粮耗能增重比极显著高于其他2种饲粮(P<0.01);采用H-LE饲粮神经肽Y(NPY)基因表达量显著高于LE饲粮(P<0.05)。3)DEX、饲粮能量水平对耗料增重比(P<0.05)和耗能增重比(P<0.01)的影响存在显著的互作效应。结果提示,DEX应激可使肉仔鸡血浆中葡萄糖、尿酸和甘油三酯的浓度升高;DEX应激和HE饲粮均能增加脂肪在腹部沉积,提高耗料增重比和耗能增重比;H-LE饲粮能上调肉仔鸡下丘脑NPY基因表达。     

益生菌和两种多糖合用对海兰褐蛋鸡免疫功能影响的研究

 试验选用２００只１日龄海蓝褐蛋雏鸡,分为６个组,每组３０只,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮的基础上分别添加１０７ ｃｆｕ／ｇ益生素,３００ ｍｇ／ｋｇ黄芪多糖,３０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ酵母多糖,５×１０６ ｃｆｕ／ｇ益生素＋１５０ ｍｇ黄芪多糖和５×１０６ ｃｆｕ／ｇ益生素＋１５ ｍｇ酵母多糖,试验周期５０ d。试验结果表明：益生素和多糖均能提高雏鸡的生长性能,免疫器官指数和抗体滴度和血清溶菌酶含量,而以益生素＋黄芪多糖组效果最好,而益生素＋酵母多糖组在本次试验中则没有体现出复配优势。     

益母草对产蛋中后期绿壳蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

试验选取180只51周龄黑羽绿壳蛋鸡随机均分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复15只鸡,对照组饲喂基础日粮,各试验组在基础日粮基础上分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的益母草粉,观察其对黑羽绿壳蛋鸡蛋品质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,在绿壳蛋鸡日粮中添加1.0%益母草粉可显著提高蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋黄颜色评分、哈夫单位(P<0.05),显著降低蛋黄总胆固醇含量(P<0.05),由此可见,益母草可以改善绿壳蛋鸡蛋品质,其适宜添加量为1%。     

糖萜素对文昌鸡蛋品质的影响

为了研究糖萜素对文昌鸡生产性能的影响,选取3 000只文昌鸡随机分为3组,每组2个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组的日粮分别在基础日粮上添加糖萜素300、500 mg/kg,结果表明:糖萜素试验组能略微改善平均蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄比率、哈氏单位,差异不显著(P>0.05),在蛋比重方面,试验组与对照组相比均得到显著改善,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

鸭瘟活疫苗外源病毒检验方法（鸡检查法）的修订

对二〇〇五年版《中华人民共和国兽药典》中鸭瘟活疫苗外源病毒检验的鸡检查法进行了修订,确定选用9-12周龄SPF鸡,在原药典规定方法的基础上增加低剂量基础免疫程序,并用该外源病毒检验方法对5批鸭瘟活疫苗进行了验证,结果表明修订后的鸭瘟活疫苗外源病毒检验方法可靠,可操作性强。