松嫩草原不同时间火烧后环境因子变化分析

松嫩草原火烧后，土壤表层硬度增加，早烧地硬度异质性程度增高，晚烧地降低。晚烧地土壤０￣５ｃｍ范围内窝重降低，早烧地与未烧地比无差异。火烧地土壤０￣３０ｃｍ范围内含水率降低，早烧地更低，表面差别最大，火烧地土壤含水率在春季严重亏缺。火烧地土壤温度在生长季内恒高于未烧地，平均温度亦高。群落平均温度低于未烧地，但白天火烧地群落温度高于未烧地，夜间群落温度低于未烧地，土壤表层温度波动幅度较大，火烧与未烧边     

冬季火烧对高寒草甸牧草产量及品质的影响

中国科学院海北高寒草甸定位站以围栏封育草地冬季火烧为研究对象、围栏封育未火烧草地为对照,对其产草量、牧草营养品质进行测定,探讨了冬季草原火烧对第二年牧草产量和品质的影响。结果表明:围栏封育草地冬季火烧之后第二年地上鲜草生物量显著高于围栏封育未火烧草地,火烧之后第二年地上枯草的积累量显著低于围栏封育未火烧草地。围栏封育草地火烧之后牧草粗蛋白含量比围栏封育未火烧草地粗蛋白含量显著提高;粗脂肪含量与围栏封育未火烧草地之间没有显著差异(P0.05)。围栏封育草地冬季火烧之后中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量比围栏封育未火烧草地显著升高,酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量与围栏封育未火烧之间没有显著差异。该研究表明草原火烧短期内对牧草产量和品质有一定的促进作用,加速了退化草地的恢复进程。     

人工油松林火烧前后土壤化学性质变化的研究

本文对人工油松林火烧前后土壤化学性质变化进行了研究。研究结果表明，火烧后土壤ｐＨ值、土壤盐基饱和度、土壤交换性阳离子和土壤阳离子交换量等土壤化学性质均受到不同程度影响。其中，以土壤表层变化最强烈。     

炼山对二代5年生杉木幼林生长的影响

在福建南平对炼山和不炼山的第2代5年生杉木幼林生长进行对比研究,结果表明,2种处理杉木平均胸径年均生长量均在1.70 cm以上,平均树高年均生长量均在1.00 m以上;炼山处理杉木的生长量略高于不炼山,但它们之间的差异不显著。     

Potential CO2 emissions mitigation through forest prescribed burning: A case study in Patagonia, Argentina

Wildland fire is a natural force that has shaped most vegetation types of the world. However, its inappropriate management during the last century has led to more frequent and catastrophic fires. Wildland fires are also recognized as one of the sources of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases (GHG) that influence global climate change. As one of the techniques used to reduce the risk of destructive wildfires, prescribed burning has the potential of mitigating carbon emissions, and effectively contributes to the efforts proposed as part of the Clean Development Mechanism within the Kyoto protocol. In order to apply this concept to a real case, a simulation study was conducted in pine afforestation in the Andean region of Patagonia, Argentina, with the objective of evaluating the potential of prescribed burning for reducing GHG emissions. The scenario was established for a ten year period, in which simulated prescribed burning was compared to the traditional management scheme, which included the probability of annual average of wildfire occurrence based on available wildfire statistics. The two contrasting scenarios were: (1) managed afforestation, affected by the annual average rate of wildfires occurred in the same type of afforestation in the region, without prescribed burning, and (2) same as (1) but with the application of simulated prescribed burning. In order to estimate carbon stocks, and CO₂ removals and emissions, we followed the guidelines given for GHG inventories on the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) sector of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), while the terminology used was the established by IPCC (2003). Data of afforested area, thinnings, and biomass growth were taken from previous surveys in the study area. Downed dead wood and litter (forest fuel load, FFL) was estimated adjusting equations fitted to those fuels, based on field data. Results show that comparing the two scenarios, prescribed burning reduced CO₂ emissions by 44% compared to the situation without prescribed burning. The prescribed burning scenario represented about 12% of the total emissions (prescribed burning plus wildfires). Furthermore, avoided wildfires by simulated prescribed burning allowed an additional 78% GHG emissions mitigation due to extra biomass growth. Simulated prescribed burning in commercial afforestation of Patagonia appears to be an effective management practice not only to prevent wildfires, but also an efficient tool to mitigate GHG emissions. However, more studies in different scenarios would be needed to generalize these benefits to other ecosystems.     

采伐和炼山对马尾松林土壤微生物多样性的影响

【目的】研究采伐和炼山对马尾松林土壤微生物的影响，为科学造林提供依据。【方法】以37年生马尾松林下土壤微生物为研究对象，运用PCR-DGGE技术对采伐、炼山前后土壤微生物多样性的变化进行研究。【结果】采伐和炼山可导致土壤微生物多样性显著下降，其中土壤微生物物种丰富度下降13％-47％，多样性指数降低12％～17％，均匀度指数降低0．3％～7．0％；采伐与炼山处理之间对土壤微生物多样性影响差异不显著。【结论】采伐和炼山导致马尾松林土壤微生物多样性显著下降。     

Remaining large grasslands may not be sufficient to prevent grassland bird declines

Grassland birds are in steep decline throughout many regions of the world. In North America, even some common species have declined by >50% over the last few decades. Declines in grassland bird populations have generally been attributed to widespread agricultural conversion of grasslands; more than 80% of North American grasslands have been converted to agriculture and other land uses, for example. Remaining large grasslands should thus be especially important to the conservation of grassland birds. The Flint Hills of Kansas and Oklahoma (USA) preserves the largest intact tallgrass prairie (∼2 million ha) left in the world. The Flint Hills supports a major cattle industry, however, and therefore experiences widespread grazing and frequent burning. We assessed the regional population status of three grassland birds that are considered the core of the avian community in this region (Dickcissel, Spiza americana; Grasshopper Sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum; Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella magna). Our approach is founded on a demographic analysis that additionally explores how to model variability in empirically derived estimates of reproductive success across a large heterogeneous landscape, which ultimately requires the translation of demographic data from local (plot) to regional scales. We found that none of these species is demographically viable at a regional scale under realistic assumptions, with estimated population declines of 3-29%/year and a likelihood of regional viability of 0-45% over the two years of study. Current land-management practices may thus be exacerbating grassland bird declines by degrading habitat in even large grassland remnants. Habitat area is thus no guarantee of population viability in landscapes managed predominantly for agricultural or livestock production.     

Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in South America: the case of Brazil

Abstract. A carbon emission inventory of the Brazilian agricultural sector was used to compare greenhouse gas emissions with estimated carbon offsets promoted by two main changes in agricultural management: the replacement of conventional tillage by no-tillage and the cessation of annual burning in sugar cane production. Using the IPCC revised 1996 guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, we estimate that 12.65 Mt C are emitted annually from agricultural land in Brazil. Ongoing conversion of conventionally tilled land to no-tillage currently accumulates 9 Mt C yr⁻¹. Industrial by-products like alcohol and bagasse from sugar cane processing substitute fossil fuel for transportation and power generation offsetting 10 and 8 Mt C yr⁻¹, respectively. An additional opportunity for 0.53 Mt C yr⁻¹ sequestration is presented by avoiding burning before harvesting of sugar cane. These data show that there could be almost full compensation between sources and sinks/offsets in the agricultural carbon cycle. There is a great opportunity to achieve this mitigation benefit because the adoption of new technologies is increasing rapidly.     

小麦高留茬田间水分效应研究

通过小区和大田试验,研究了留茬、灭茬和烧茬三种处理土壤、近地层空气温湿度的变化,比较了三种处理夏玉米生长发育状况,分析了小麦高留茬的田间水分效应。结果表明,留茬明显降低了土壤温度,测定日0cm地表温度全天内留茬都处于最低,其中10时到14时降温效果最明显,土壤5￣25cm平均温度分别较灭茬和烧茬低1.45℃和2.3℃;土壤0￣70cm含水量自始至终留茬高于灭茬和烧茬;留茬对近地层空气湿度的影响主要在晚上,麦秆凝结的水汽增大了空气湿度,白天留茬高度内气温低湿度较大,留茬高度外气温高湿度较小(与灭茬和烧茬相比)。留茬对夏玉米生长发育的影响主要表现在中后期,试验结束时留茬株高、茎粗均高于灭茬和烧茬,表现出较大的后劲。