Response of soricid populations to repeated fire and fuel reduction treatments in the southern Appalachian Mountains

Fuel hazards have increased in forests across the United States because of fire exclusion during the 20th century. Treatments used to reduce fuel buildup may affect wildlife, such as shrews, living on the forest floor, especially when treatments are applied repeatedly. From mid-May to mid-August 2006 and 2007, we used drift fences with pitfall traps to capture shrews in western North Carolina in 3 fuel reduction treatment areas [(1) twice-burned (2003 and 2006), (2) mechanical understory cut (2002), and (3) mechanical understory cut (2002) followed by 2 burns (2003 and 2006)] and a control. We captured 77% fewer southeastern shrews (Sorex longirostris) in mechanical + twice-burned treatment areas than in mechanical treatment areas in 2006, but southeastern shrew captures did not differ among treatment areas in 2007. Total shrew captures did not differ among treatment areas in either year. Decreases in leaf litter, duff depth, and canopy cover in mechanical + twice-burned treatment areas may have decreased ground-level moisture, thereby causing short-term declines in southeastern shrew captures. Prescribed fire or mechanical fuel reduction treatments in the southern Appalachian Mountains did not greatly affect shrew populations, though the combination of both treatments may negatively affect some shrew species, at least temporarily.     

计划烧除的作用与应用研究综述

计划烧除是管理森林可燃物、预防森林火灾发生的有效方法,同时也是防治病虫害、促进山林复壮更新的重要措施。文章回顾了计划烧除在国内外的发展历史,阐述了计划烧除的应用及研究,总结出实施计划烧除的主要技术及操作程序,论述了国内目前计划烧除应用研究中存在的问题及发展前景。     

我国农作物秸秆资源化利用现状及农户对秸秆还田的认知态度

为了了解我国秸秆利用现状,实施了全国性问卷调查,并结合国家统计数据进行分析,研究结果表明:2011年我国9种主要作物(水稻、小麦、玉米、高粱、马铃薯、油菜、向日葵、棉花和甘蔗)的秸秆总产量为778 Mt,其中焚烧27%、还田38%、燃料17%、饲料14%、其他用途4%;山东、河北和河南的还田量之和占全国的一半;还田方式主要是机械粉碎还田,还田量占全国全部还田量的67%。农户支持还田的原因是改善土壤质量和提高作物产量,反对原因是机械成本增加、病虫害加重和影响下季作物种植。因此,应因地制宜发展不同的秸秆资源化利用模式和还田方式,加强技术研发、宣传培训和政策扶持等。     

河南省秸秆露天焚烧大气污染物排放量的估算与分析

为了解河南省秸秆露天焚烧大气污染物排放情况,根据2014年河南省的主要农作物产量、草谷比、焚烧比例和排放因子,采用排放因子法估算河南省秸秆焚烧大气污染物的排放量,建立河南省秸秆露天焚烧的污染物排放清单,并分析了大气污染物排放量的时空分布。结果表明:2014年河南省秸秆露天焚烧共排放:CO_21 210.45万t、CO 51.74万t、CH_43.27万t、NMVOCs 7.19万t、NH_30.59万t、BC 0.42万t、OC 2.47万t、SO_20.55万t、NO_X3.13万t、PM_(2.5)7.48万t。小麦和玉米是河南省露天焚烧排放大气污染物主要贡献源,其贡献率分别为38%~67%和17%~36%。大气污染物排放的高值区主要集中在驻马店、周口、南阳和商丘四个地市。大气污染物排放的高峰期集中在6月和10月,这两个月的各类污染物排放量对全年总排放量的分担率分别为37.1%~65.7%和11.3%~37%。     

安徽省农村秸秆综合利用研究

分析了安徽省农村秸秆资源潜力及其综合利用的现状,介绍了农村秸秆综合利用中存在的问题,提出了促进安徽省农村秸秆综合利用的具体对策。     

抚育和采伐组合措施对毛竹林生产力的影响

在赤水河下游选择经营制度、立地条件与林分质量相对一致的毛竹林,设置皆伐清理、皆伐清理炼山、超强采伐清理3种试验林,研究不同处理毛竹林生产力及生物量的差异。结果表明,皆伐清理与超强采伐清理毛竹林的出笋成竹量、新竹平均胸径及平均高度、新鞭质量和地上生长量均具有明显差异,皆伐清理中炼山和不炼山处理的指标间也有差异。3种处理新竹平均胸径和秆材量均小于生产性林分。     

不炼山造林技术及应用效果

不炼山造林具有防止水土流失、保持土壤肥力、保护生物多样性、保护林区生态环境、减少CO2及烟尘大量排放、预防和减少森林火灾发生等优点,其生态和社会效益均明显高于炼山造林,利大于弊。为了进一步推广应用不炼山造林技术,从科学采伐、林地清理、整地挖穴、树种选择、良种壮苗、混交造林、控草抚育等技术环节总结了应用此项技术的实践经验,并对其推广应用的成效进行了初步评价。     

Climate and recent fire history affect fuel loads in Eucalyptus forests: Implications for fire management in a changing climate

Predicted changes to global climates are expected to affect natural fire regimes. Many studies suggest that the impact of these effects could be minimised by reducing fuel loads through prescribed burning. Fuel loads are dynamic and are affected by a range of factors including fire and climate. In this study, we use a 22-year dataset to examine the relative influence of climate and fire history on rates of litterfall and decomposition, and hence fuel loads, in a coastal Eucalypt forest in south-eastern Australia. Litterfall and decomposition were both affected by temperature, recent rainfall and fire history variables. Over the study period prescribed burning immediately reduced fuel loads, with fuel loads reaching pre-burn levels within 3 years of a fire. Modelling fuel loads under predicted climate change scenarios for 2070 suggests that while fuel loads are reduced, the levels are not significantly lower than those recorded in the study. Based on these predictions it is unlikely that the role or value of prescribed burning in these forests will change under the scenarios tested in this study.     

林火对大兴安岭偃松—兴安落叶松林土壤养分的影响

大兴安岭是我国林火高发区,林火对森林土壤的化学性质有着直接或间接的影响。为探明林火与土壤pH值和土壤养分的关系,本文以我国大兴安岭呼中林业局偃松-兴安落叶松林火烧迹地为研究对象,采用双因素方差分析法研究了不同火烧时间、不同火烧强度对土壤pH值和土壤养分的影响。结果表明:火烧时间相同,土壤pH值随火烧强度的增强而增大。火烧强度相同,火烧后时间越长,土壤pH值越小,但火烧迹地的土壤pH值大于未火烧的对照组;在相同火烧强度条件下,不同火烧时间(1996、2010年和未火烧)偃松-兴安落叶松林迹地的土壤养分含量不同,但未达到显著水平(P0.05);火烧时间相同,不同火烧强度条件下偃松-兴安落叶松林的土壤有机质和全氮含量存在差异(P0.05)。土壤有机质含量在轻度、中度和重度火烧条件下彼此间差异显著(P0.05),并且中度、重度火烧与未火烧之间差异显著(P0.05);未火烧、轻度火烧的土壤全N含量分别与中度、重度火烧相比差异显著(P0.05)。不同火烧时间和火烧强度下土壤pH值、全磷、全钾含量和C/N值差异不显著(P0.05)。火烧后5年(2010年火干扰)、19年(1996年火干扰)后,偃松-兴安落叶松林并未恢复至火烧前生长水平。本研究旨在找到不同火烧时间和火烧强度下土壤pH值和土壤养分的变化规律,为火烧后大兴安岭偃松-兴安落叶松林生态系统的快速有效恢复提供理论依据。      

Eleven years of integrated weed management: long‐term impacts of row spacing and harvest weed seed destruction on Lolium rigidum control

Long‐term research aimed to determine whether narrow row spacing and harvest weed seed destruction, in combination with herbicide use, would be sufficient to drive a Lolium rigidum population to extinction. A trial was run from 1987 to 2013, with treatments including crop row spacings of 9, 18, 27 or 36 cm and crop residue burning or retention. Herbicides were applied to reflect regional practices. The initial trial design was randomised, but treatments were maintained in each plot over the following years. Lolium rigidum seed production at harvest was assessed from 2003 to 2013. Average crop yield was higher in the unburnt plots (1638 kg ha^?1) than the burnt plots (1530 kg ha^?1) and greater at narrow row spacing, with an average yield of 1658, 1637, 1548 and 1492 kg ha^?1 in the 9‐, 18‐, 27‐ and 36‐cm spacings. Lolium rigidum seed at harvest was reduced in the burnt plots (57 seeds m^?2) compared with the unburnt plots (297 seeds m^?2) and was reduced at narrow row spacing, with an average of 58, 78, 223 and 333 seeds m^?2 in the 9‐, 18‐, 27‐ and 36‐cm row spacings. By 2013, L. rigidum seed production was reduced to an average of 0 seeds m^?2 in the narrow row spacing, burnt plots.