小型生物质直燃炉结构设计

基于目前现有生物质燃烧炉的燃烧效率低,且燃烧过程中焦油生成过多等问题。以高效率燃烧方式的薄层燃烧为该小型生物质直燃炉的主要燃烧方式,大大提高燃烧效率的同时,有效较低焦油与烟尘的产生,并且采用螺杆输送装置对炉膛进行持续供料,实现稳定的不间断燃烧,为成功解决农村生物质燃料浪费及环境污染起到积极作用,为新形势下的能源可持续发展提供思路。     

特种黑木炭研制报告

特种黑木炭是用柞、槲烧制的具有较高密度的木炭。影响黑木炭密度的主要因素有原料含水率和径级、干燥与炭化速度、炭窑窑形及精炼。本文还对烧制特种黑木炭过程中的具体操作技术要点进行了详尽的论述。     

小麦高留茬田间水分效应研究

通过小区和大田试验,研究了留茬、灭茬和烧茬三种处理土壤、近地层空气温湿度的变化,比较了三种处理夏玉米生长发育状况,分析了小麦高留茬的田间水分效应。结果表明,留茬明显降低了土壤温度,测定日0cm地表温度全天内留茬都处于最低,其中10时到14时降温效果最明显,土壤5~25cm平均温度分别较灭茬和烧茬低1.45℃和2.3℃;土壤0~70cm含水量自始至终留茬高于灭茬和烧茬;留茬对近地层空气湿度的影响主要在晚上,麦秆凝结的水汽增大了空气湿度,白天留茬高度内气温低湿度较大,留茬高度外气温高湿度较小（与灭茬和烧茬相比）。留茬对夏玉米生长发育的影响主要表现在中后期,试验结束时留茬株高、茎粗均高于灭茬和烧茬,表现出较大的后劲。     

中国粮食作物秸秆焚烧排碳量及转化生物炭固碳量的估算

生物质燃烧对全球大气碳排放和气候变化产生重要的影响。近年来,利用生物质制备生物炭实现碳封存备受重视。该文根据2001-2010年中国粮食产量,估算了主要粮食作物秸秆产量,结合秸秆露天焚烧比例及CO和CO2排放因子,得出CO和CO2的排放量及碳排放总量。同时,根据实验室条件下秸秆转化为生物炭的产率及碳含量,估算了中国粮食作物秸秆转化生物炭后固定碳的量。结果发现,中国粮食作物秸秆因焚烧年排放CO、CO2和总碳量分别为1.15×107、1.57×108和4.77×107t。中国粮食作物秸秆全部转化为生物炭后年平均可固碳0.96×108t,如果把每年焚烧秸秆的量全部转化为生物炭可减少近一半因焚烧秸秆排放碳的量,可见,生物炭固碳技术是一种非常有前景的碳汇技术。     

基于社会燃烧理论的耕地非农化驱动因素分析

中国耕地非农化现象日益明显。基于社会燃烧理论分析了耕地非农化的驱动原理,建立了耕地非农化影响机制模型,并运用SPSS 19.0软件对分类驱动因素进行了主成分及回归分析。结果表明,人均GDP和固定资产投资所占GDP比重等经济发展变量对耕地非农化水平的正向影响最大;粮食单产、总产等农业技术变量对耕地非农化水平具有最大的逆向影响。最后在模型拟合的基础上提出了相应的对策与建议,旨在为合理有效保护耕地提供参考。     

Differential responses of Bolivian timber species to prescribed fire and other gap treatments

We followed the establishment and growth response of 13 commercial tree species to canopy opening, above-ground biomass removal, and experimental burns of low and high intensities in a lowland dry forest in Bolivia. Three patterns of response to treatments were observed among the most abundant commercial tree species. (1) Shade-intolerant species regenerated mostly from seed and had the highest survival and growth rates following high-intensity burns. (2) Shade-tolerant species were abundant in gap control and plant removal treatments. Treatments had little effect on the height growth of these species. (3) Individuals of root sprouting species were most abundant following plant removal and low-intensity burn treatments. Treatments had little effect on the height growth of these species. The wide variation in species responses to gap treatments found in this study not only reinforces the concept that species are distributed along a continuum of shade-tolerance levels, but that other aspects of species biology, such as seed dispersal type or sprouting behavior, further differentiate regeneration strategies. The variety of regeneration strategies found among the species at this forest site will require a flexible management scheme that mixes more intensive silvicultural treatments such as prescribed burning with less intensive treatments.     

G系列两级燃烧气体燃烧机程控器的研究

阐述一种自行研制并已小批量生产的以89C51微处理器为控制核心的G系列两级燃烧气体燃烧机程控器．在对该系列气体燃烧机控制系统进行深入分析的基础上,提出采用电子式程控器来取代机电式程控器．给出电子式程控器的硬件结构图、主要输入输出接口电路图及控制软件的主程序流程图．针对可能出现的干扰提出相应的抗干扰措施．结果表明,用电子式程控器来取代机电式程控器不仅在技术上可行,而且能大幅度降低生产成本,有利于提高气体燃烧机的市场竞争力．     

Impact of traditional soil burning (guie) on Planosol properties and land‐use intensification in south‐western Ethiopia

In the Gilgel Gibe catchment in Ethiopia, local farmers intensify land use on Planosols by adjusting a traditional soil burning practice known as guie. The burning practice used to be applied in a cycle of shifting cultivation. However, more recently, farmers burn small plots to make fertile seedbeds for Eucalyptus seedlings in the first year before these trees are transplanted to larger plots. The purpose of this research was to assess the physico‐chemical properties of Planosols that have been subjected to burning over the last 10 yrs and evaluate the contribution of guie to land‐use intensification of these soils. Transect studies and interviews of local farmers, followed by chemical, physical and micromorphological analyses of samples from selected plots were used to compare the soil properties of recently (0–2 yrs) and formerly (3–10 yrs) burnt Planosols with those of unburnt Planosols. The analytical results show that the burning practice improved nutrient availability in the first 2 yrs after guie. Increased amounts of exchangeable aluminium (Al) were reported in the long term. Charge fingerprints illustrate that the nutrient‐buffering capacity of the soil was high shortly after the practice but subsequently decreased with time. Given the population pressure on the formerly extensively used Planosols, it is argued that the current application of guie on small, localized plots for raising Eucalyptus seedlings is well adapted to the local socio‐economic context and promotes land‐use intensification on the Planosols. The increased exchangeable Al content of former Eucalyptus seedbeds merits further in‐depth research into the biophysical sustainability of the burning practice.     

污灌区作物根与秸秆不同处置的重金属健康风险评价

为了评估污灌区作物秸秆不同处理方式的重金属健康风险,以天津污灌区为例,估算了该污灌区3类农作物根和秸秆中的Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn总量及其分布特征,采用健康风险评价模型对根和秸秆采取直接还田、燃用、直接还田+燃用处置可能引起的重金属健康风险进行评价。结果表明：作物中重金属的分布格局为“根多茎少”;还田处置对儿童和成人造成的累积致癌风险值分别为6.08×10-9和1.95×10-8,非致癌风险值分别为1.01×10-5和6.45×10-6,不会造成健康伤害;燃用处置对儿童和成人造成的累积致癌风险值分别为2.89×10-8和4.67×10-8,非致癌风险值分别为1.76×10-3和9.43×10-4,还田+燃用处置对儿童和成人造成的累积致癌风险值分别为2.05×10-8和4.28×10-8,非致癌风险值分别为8.88×10-4和3.78×10-4,这2种处置对儿童和成人造成的非致癌性健康风险是不可接受的。污灌区作物初级废弃物由于重金属总量大,在进行处置时,应优先考虑还田,其次谨慎考虑燃用,为农业固体废弃物管理提供了科学依据。     

BCT-1型生物质燃气燃烧器的研制

该文介绍了生物质燃气的基本燃烧特性，并给出了BCT-1型生物质燃气燃烧器的基本结构。BCT-1型生物质燃气燃烧器采用鼓风扩散式燃烧，使用柴油作为点火介质，燃烧过程实现自动控制。该燃烧器适用于多种生物质气化燃气，试验表明燃烧器在稳定工作条件下燃烧效率为98％，烟气CO含量小于1×10^-6，各项性能指标达到燃气燃烧器的基本要求。