Litter, warming and plants affect respiration and allocation of soil microbial and plant C, N and P in arctic mesocosms

In a mesocosm experiment, we studied decomposition rates as CO₂ efflux and changes in plant mass, nutrient accumulation and soil pools of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), in soils from a sub-arctic heath. The soil was incubated at 10 °C and 12 °C, with or without leaf litter and with or without plants present. The purpose of the experiment was to analyse decomposition and nutrient transformations under simulated, realistic conditions in a future warmer Arctic.Both temperature enhancement and litter addition increased respiration rates. Temperature enhancement and surprisingly also litter addition decreased microbial biomass carbon (C) content, resulting in a pronounced increase of specific respiration. Microbial P content increased progressively with temperature enhancement and litter addition, concomitant with increasing P mineralisation, whereas microbial N increased only in the litter treatment, at the same time as net N mineralisation decreased. In contrast, microbial biomass N decreased as temperature increased, resulting in a high mobilisation of inorganic N.Plant responses were closely coupled to the balance of microbial mineralisation and immobilisation. Plant growth and N accumulation was low after litter addition because of high N immobilisation in microbes and low net mineralisation, resulting in plant N limitation. Growth increased in the temperature-enhanced treatments, but was eventually limited by low supply of P, reflected in a low plant P concentration and high N-to-P ratio. Hence, the different microbial responses caused plant N limitation after litter addition and P limitation after temperature enhancement. Although microbial processes determined the main responses in plants, the plants themselves influenced nutrient turnover. With plants present, P mobilisation to the plant plus soil inorganic pools increased significantly, and N mobilisation non-significantly, when litter was added. This was presumably due to increased mineralisation in the rhizosphere, or because the nutrients in addition to being immobilised by microbes also could be absorbed by plants. This suggests that the common method of measuring nutrient mineralisation in soils incubated without plants may underestimate the rates of nutrient mobilisation, which probably contributes to a commonly observed discrepancy of measured lower rates of net nutrient mineralisation than uptake rates in arctic soils.     

新疆意大利蝗适生区的气候变化特征分析

选取新疆境内意大利蝗（Calliptamus italicus L.）适生区14个气象站1961-2013年月降水量及平均气温资料,采用线性回归和趋势分析方法,分南疆地区、天山山区和北疆地区3个气候区对近53a（1961-2013）降水量和气温变化特征进行分析.结果表明,（1）南、北疆地区年平均降水量均显著增加（P＜0.05）,南疆以夏季增加为主,北疆以冬季增加为主,天山山区年平均降水量高于南、北疆地区,但其53a来变化不显著;（2）3个区域年平均气温均极显著升高（P＜0.01）,南、北疆地区以冬季增温幅度最大,天山山区秋季增幅最大;（3）3个区域年平均最高气温均极显著升高（P＜0.01）,且均以秋季升幅最大;各区年平均最低气温均极显著升高（P＜0.01）,南北疆地区冬季增幅最大,天山山区夏季增幅最大,其最低气温增幅高于最高气温.在全球气候变暖背景下,意大利蝗适生区近53a气候总体呈暖湿趋势,气候格局的显著变化,会导致蝗虫地理分布格局及灾变规律的重大改变.     

河北省土壤干湿状况遥感监测指数比较

选用河北省2010年5月Terra/MODIS地表反射率产品MOD09A1计算得到了增强植被指数（EVI）,结合同期MOD11 A2地表温度LST数据,计算得到河北省TVDI（温度植被干旱指数）和VSWI（植被供水指数）,比较分析TVDI和VSWI监测河北省土壤干湿状况的适宜性.两种指数与同期8d平均降水量数据的定性分析表明TVDI与降水量数据间具有明显的相反趋势,VSWI与降水量数据间趋势关系不明显;定量的相关分析表明,TVDI与降水量数据间表现出较显著的负相关性（P＜0.05）,而VSWI与降水量数据间的相关不显著.可见,在所选取研究时段内,TVDI指数较VSWI指数监测河北省土壤湿度更为适宜.     

基于秋季降水量的春播关键期土壤墒情预测

为准确预测春播关键期土壤墒情,给政府部门指导春耕生产提供超前、科学、准确的决策气象信息,本文利用阜新1981-2003年的农业气候资料,深入研究阜新春播关键期土壤墒情和秋季降水的关系,得出：阜新地区春播关键期土壤墒情主要取决于前一年的秋季降水量,并建立了预测模型。此模型在2003-2006年的关键期土壤墒情预测中得到验证,并取得了明显的服务效果。     

Wetting and drying events determine soil N pools in two Mediterranean ecosystems

To improve our knowledge of how nutrient cycling in Mediterranean environments responds to climate change, we evaluated the effects of the continuous changes in soil nitrogen (N) pools during natural wetting and drying events. We measured soil N pools (microbial biomass [MB-N], dissolved organic nitrogen [DON], NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻) and N ion exchange resins at weekly intervals for one year in two contrasting Mediterranean ecosystems. All soil N fractions in both ecosystems showed high intraseasonal and interseasonal variability that was greater in inorganic soil fractions than in organic N soil fractions. MB-N, DON and resin-NH₄⁺ showed increased concentrations during wetting events. Only the soil NO₃⁻ and resin-NO₃⁻ showed the opposite trend, suggesting a different response to water pulses compared to the other soil variables. Our results show that N pools are continuously changing, and that this high variability is not associated with the total amount of organic matter and labile soil carbon (C) and N soil fractions found in each ecosystem. The highest variability was found for inorganic N forms, which suggests that organic N forms are more buffered in soils exposed to wetting-drying cycles. Our results suggest that the changes in wetting-drying cycles expected with global climate change may have a significant impact on the availability and turnover of organic and inorganic N.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER OF FINNED TUBES IN REFRIGERANT HEAT EXCHANGER

In this paper,the comparative experimental research that air flows through theout-surface of a single row finned tubes is done in a drawing wind tunnel and the three differnetshapes of rectangluar finned tubes are compared with a plain finned tube that is usually used in therefrigerant heat exchanger, the useful results are obtained. The results show that,in the range ofwind velocity flowing through the marrowest area, W_(max)=2.5m/s to 8.5m/s,the average convec-tion heat transfer coefficient of the two-side V-groove finned tube is higher than that of rectangluarplain finned tube,It is a new type finned tube that has good heat transfer performance and it isworth poplarlzing.     

The Influence of Width of Flag-type Inserts on the Forced Convection of Oil in a Tube

Experimental study of forced convection heat transfer in a horizontal circulartube with ladder-shaped flag-type insert is performed to investigate the characteristics of fluid flow ,heat transfer and the influence of width of flag insert.The working fluid is 30# turbine oil.Theresult shows that the increase of W/D causes the increase of heat transfer coefficient and resistanceforce of fluid flow. The heat transfer coefficient can be enhanced mainly within the length of ninetimes of inner diameter of tube for oil.In the range of experiment, the value of creteria to evaluatethe combined effect is between 1.13 and 1.59.     

Evaluation of resistance to verticillium wilt in diploid,wild potato interspecific hybrids

Summary Verticillium wilt (V. albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold or V. dahliae Kleb) threatens potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in most growing areas of the world. Genetic resistance offers the most cost-effective and environmentally-sound control measure. However, there is a dearth of genetic and breeding information on resistance to verticillium wilt in potato, because of obscure parentage of some standard cultivars and the complex segregation at the tetraploid level. The wide range of genetic variability in wild relatives of potatoes can be potentially useful as a source of disease resistance, such as verticillium wilt resistance. Six diploid, wild, interspecific Solanum hybrids involving resistant x resistant and susceptible x resistant crosses, were assayed for verticillium wilt resistance under greenhouse conditions to evaluate their potential as sources of verticillium wilt resistance. The cross between S. gourlayi Oka. and S. chacoense Bitt. and its reciprocal had the most resistant progenies based on mean colony counts. No simple mode of inheritance can be proposed based on the observed segregation ratios. However, the continuous distributions observed on verticillium wilt disease response among hybrid families indicate that inheritance of resistance may be polygenic and complex. In addition, skewness of colony count distributions toward the resistance parents were characteristic of all resistant x susceptible crosses suggesting that resistance may be dominant. By contrast, the susceptible x susceptible cross showed a more normal distribution. Overall, the cross between S. gourlayi and S. chacoense showed the most potential as a source of verticillium wilt resistance.     

基于特征增强技术的面向对象分类方法

针对传统基于像元的分类方法不能满足对高分辨率影像（HRI）进行分类的矛盾,提出基于特征增强技术的面向对象分类方法（FETCOOCA）。并以北京市海淀区的SPOT5影像为例,考虑到影像中植被、水体和建筑物等地物之间的特征差异,对影像中地物的光谱、形状、纹理等信息进行特征增强处理,并结合面向对象的分类方法对其进行分类。最后,对FETCOOCA与传统基于像元的分类方法进行对比分析。结果表明:提出的FETCOOCA明显优于传统分类方法,它可以大幅度提高HRI的分类精度,有效抑制椒盐现象的发生,使分类后的图像含有更为丰富的语义信息。     

北京市大兴区耕地整理潜力模糊评价研究

耕地整理潜力评价是选择耕地整理项目,编制土地整理专项规划的基础。目前许多地区在进行耕地整理潜力评价时,往往以增加的耕地面积作为惟一衡量标准。实际上,耕地整理潜力综合表现为增加耕地面积、提高耕地生产能力、降低生产成本、改善生态环境和调整产权关系,而且会受到资金、区位、技术等方面的影响。该文以北京市大兴区为例,在耕地整理分区的基础上,从耕地整理的自然潜力和现实潜力两个方面构建了评价指标体系,并采用模糊综合评判模型以行政村为评价单元进行了耕地整理综合潜力的评价,评价结果表明,该种方法科学、合理,符合实际状况。