Diagnosis of brucellosis by serology

Serological diagnosis of brucellosis began more than 100 years ago with a simple agglutination test. It was realized that this type of test was susceptible to false positive reactions resulting from, for instance, exposure to cross reacting microorganisms. It was also realized that this test format was inexpensive, simple and could be rapid, although results were subjectively scored. Therefore, a number of modifications were developed along with other types of tests. This served two purposes: one was to establish a rapid screening test with high sensitivity and perhaps less specificity and a confirmatory test, usually more complicated but also more specific, to be used on sera that reacted positively in screening tests. This led to another problem: if a panel of tests were performed and they did not all agree, which interpretation was correct? This problem was further compounded by the extensive use of a vaccine which gave rise to an antibody response similar to that resulting from field infection. This led to the development of an assay that could distinguish vaccinal antibody, starting with precipitin tests. These tests did not perform well, giving rise to the development of primary binding assays. These assays, including the competitive enzyme immunoassay and the fluorescence polarization assay are at the apex of current development, providing high sensitivity and specificity as well as speed and mobility in the case of the fluorescence polarization assay.     

聚乙二醇硫酸铵沉淀法对不同亚类单克隆抗体活性的影响

比较了以聚乙二醇和硫酸铵两种沉淀方法分离纯化腹水中单克隆抗体后,对不同亚类单克隆抗体活性的影响。结果表明,经３３％的硫酸铵沉淀腹水ＩｇＧ时,对其活性没有明显影响;沉淀ＩｇＭ时其活性明显降低。以聚乙二醇进行沉淀,对腹水单克隆抗体ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ活性均无明显影响,但依不同亚类的单克隆抗体,所选用的聚乙二醇浓度不同,对于ＩｇＧ,以１５％聚乙二醇沉淀较为合适,而沉淀ＩｇＭ时,则以６％聚乙二醇较为合适。     

Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain

Limited precipitation restricts crop yield in the North China Plain, where high level of production depends largely on irrigation. Establishing the optimal irrigation scheduling according to the crop water requirement (CWR) and precipitation is the key factor to achieve rational water use. Precipitation data collected for about 40 years were employed to analyze the long-term trend, and weather data from 1984 to 2005 were used to estimate the CWR and irrigation water requirements (IWR). Field experiments were performed at the Luancheng Station from 1997 to 2005 to calculate the soil water consumption and water use efficiency (WUE). The results showed the CWR for winter wheat and summer maize were similar and about 430 mm, while the IWR ranged from 247 to 370 mm and 0 to 336 mm at the 25% and 75% precipitation exceedance probabilities for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively. The irrigation applied varied in the different rainfall years and the optimal irrigation amount was about 186, 161 and 99 mm for winter wheat and 134, 88 and 0 mm for summer maize in the dry, normal and wet seasons, respectively. However, as precipitation reduces over time especially during the maize growing periods, development of water-saving management practices for sustainable agriculture into the future is imperative.     

左权县1961—2015年降水变化特征及对农业生产的影响

为了掌握左权县降水变化规律,笔者利用左权县1961—2015年逐月降水资料,采用线性趋势、5年滑动平均、M-K检验和滑动t检验等方法,分析左权县年及季节降水量变化趋势和突变特征。结果表明：左权县年降水量总体以-12.6 mm/10 a速率下降,20世纪60—90年代呈减少趋势,21世纪以来呈增加趋势,且在1968年发生了减少突变;季节降水量变化,春、夏、秋季呈减少趋势,冬季则呈微弱增加趋势,夏、秋季降水年代际变化与年降水变化趋势一致,冬、春季降水年代际变化起伏较大,秋季在1970年发生了减少突变,春季在2005年发生了由少到多的跃变,冬季在1976年和2003年分别发生了由多到少和由少到多的转变;干旱和暴雨是影响当地农业生产主要气象灾害。     

Seasonal climate change impacts on evapotranspiration, precipitation deficit and crop yield in Puerto Rico

The purpose of this study was to estimate precipitation (P), reference evapotranspiration (ET_o), precipitation deficit (PD = P − ET_o) and relative crop yield reduction (YR) for a generic crop under climate change conditions for three locations in Puerto Rico: Adjuntas, Mayagüez, and Lajas. Reference evapotranspiration was estimated by the Penman-Monteith method. Precipitation and temperature data were statistically downscaled and evaluated using the DOE/NCAR PCM global circulation model projections for the B1 (low), A2 (mid-high) and A1fi (high) emission scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenarios. Relative crop yield reduction was estimated from a water stress factor, which is a function of soil moisture content. Average soil moisture content for the three locations was determined by means of a simple water balance approach.Results from the analysis indicate that the rainy season will become wetter and the dry season will become drier. The 20-year average September precipitation excess (i.e., PD > 0) increased for all scenarios and locations from 121 to 321 mm between 2000 and 2090. Conversely, the 20-year average February precipitation deficit (i.e., PD < 0) changed from −27 to −77 mm between 2000 and 2090. The results suggest that additional water could be saved during the wet months to offset increased irrigation requirements during the dry months. The 20-year average relative crop yield reduction for all scenarios decreased on average from 12% to 6% between 2000 and 2090 during September, but increased on average from 51% to 64% during February. Information related to the components of the hydrologic water budget (i.e., actual evapotranspiration, surface runoff, aquifer recharge and soil moisture storage) is also presented. This study provides important information that may be useful for future water resource planning in Puerto Rico.     

西北四省区降水的时空变化特征分析

[目的]分析西北四省区降水的时空变化特征。[方法]利用陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏西北四省区113个地面观测站1961～2008年降水资料,采用线性回归、Morlet小波变换等方法,对该地区48年降水空间格局的变化、降水量的变化趋势和周期特征进行了分析。[结果]西北地区四省降水量存在明显的年际、季节变化特征;年降水量呈下降趋势,春、秋季降水量变化趋势与年降水量变化趋势一致,其变化幅度小于年降水量的变化幅度,夏、冬季的降水量逐年略有增加,变化趋势不明显。西北四省降水变化存在明显的区域差异,增加幅度明显的区域在唐古拉山地区、柴达木盆地、祁连山东部山脉两侧,减少幅度明显的是在陇东和陕南、陕北地区。西北地区四省的东、西部区域降水呈反位相变化的特点,东部地区的降水呈减少趋势,而西部大部分地区的降水呈增多趋势;全区、东区、西区的降水波动普遍存在3～5年的短周期,且为主要周期;一些区域也存在8年周期和15年左右的中周期;不同时间尺度上,干、湿交替和突变点有所差异。[结论]该研究为西北地区的气候变化提供理论依据。     

1960～2010年宁夏降水和温度极端气候事件变化分析

利用1960～2010年宁夏9个观测站的日降水量、最高温度及最低温度资料,采用趋势分析方法分析了该地区的极端气候事件变化特征.结果表明,极端降水事件和暴雨日数的变化趋势表现为非均一性,主要以弱的减少趋势为主,具有明显的阶段性变化特征;20世纪80年代中期之后暴雨的主要爆发时间段较之前提前2侯;严重干燥（湿润）事件平均发生频次和持续日数均是由南向北逐渐递增（递减）,全区呈一致的增加（减少）趋势,90年代末之后降水趋向于极端性、不均衡性;全区高温（低温）日数呈一致的增加（减少）趋势,北部地区的变化速率相对较大,1998（1993）年发生突变,突变之后显著增加（减少）;全区极端高温（低温）事件呈一致的显著增加（减少）趋势,气温变暖在低温上的表现更加显著.     

沈阳近39年温度和降水变化趋势分析

选取沈阳市1961~1999年1、7月和年平均温度、降水资料,采用相关系数法和R/S法对沈阳的气候变化趋势进行了分析;同时选取新民对应月份和年份的资料,采用城郊对比法对沈阳城市气候效应进行了分析。结果表明,1961~1989年沈阳1月平均温度和年平均温度均呈上升趋势,而7月平均温度呈下降趋势;R/S法检验1990~1999年资料显示,1990~1999年平均温度和1月平均温度变化趋势与过去趋势相同,均呈上升趋势,7月平均温度变化趋势与过去相反,即呈上升趋势,说明R/S法对沈阳地区较适合。分析沈阳和新民的温度、降水资料,沈阳城市热岛强度依次为1月年平均7月;沈阳1961~1989年1月降水量呈下降趋势,7月则呈微弱的上升趋势,年平均降水量随机性较大;1990~1995年资料验证结果显示,1月降水变化趋势将与过去趋势相同,仍呈下降趋势,7月和年平均的降水变化具有较大的随机性,R/S方法也可应用在降水量的分析,但不如对温度的分析效果好。     

CWR-PEP方法评估2013年辽宁省人工增雨开发潜力

[目的]评估2013年辽宁省人工增雨开发潜力。[方法]采用云水资源人工增雨开发潜力评估方法。[结果]2013年度辽宁省空中云水资源人工增雨潜力总量为12.3亿 t,人工增雨云水资源量为16.3亿 t。[结论]辽宁省空中云水资源可开发潜力时空分布非常不均,可开发潜力较大的时段主要是春季和秋季,加大这两个季节的空中云水资源开发力度可以收到明显成效。加大辽宁省作业能力建设可以弥补作业能力的不足对云水资源开发的限制。     

白洋淀流域气温、降水和径流变化特征及其相互响应关系

运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、突变检验和小波分析法,对白洋淀流域1957—2012年7个气象站点气温、降水和3个典型水文站点径流量的变化趋势、突变点及周期性变化进行了分析,并探讨了径流与降水和气温的响应关系,以期为该地区生态环境保护和水资源合理利用提供基础数据支持。结果表明,研究区年均气温呈上升的趋势,并在1988年后上升趋势增大,其中,冬季和春季的气温增幅对气温升高贡献较大;降水量变化相对复杂,整体呈波动下降的趋势,其中,夏季降水量减少幅度最大,达1.72 mm·a~(-1)。受气温升高和降水量的直接影响,典型站点径流量呈明显下降趋势,并在年际尺度上与气温呈负相关,与降水变化呈显著正相关;在年内尺度上,则与气温和降水变化呈显著正相关。夏季径流量减少幅度最大,阜平、倒马关和紫荆关站分别下降0.85 m~3·s~(-1)·a~(-1)、0.72 m~3·s~(-1)·a~(-1)和0.66 m~3·s~(-1)·a~(-1)。3个指标的周期性变化都比较明显,其中径流和降水的波动变化基本一致,表明径流对降水的响应比较突出。径流变化不仅受气温和降水的影响,还受到水利工程建设、各类农业措施等多种因素的影响。