The use of herders’ accounts to map livestock activities across agropastoral landscapes in Semi-Arid Africa

Improved understandings of the agricultural and range ecologies ofsemi-arid Africa require better information on the spatiotemporal distributionof domestic livestock across agropastoral landscapes. An empirical GIS-basedapproach was developed for estimating distributions of herded livestock acrossthree agropastoral territories (around 100 km² each)over a two-year period. Algorithms developed from regression analyses of herdtracking data (with R²s 0.67) are used to transform a morecomprehensive but incomplete set of data generated from herders accounts oftheir herds grazing itineraries (400 herds following 6500 itineraries). Theresulting characterization registers 40 000 days of livestock activitiesacross694 land units (averaging 70 ha) over the study period. This studydemonstrates that rural producers knowledge of their daily extractionpracticescan be translated to fine-grained characterizations of extraction densitiesacross mixed landscapes. The spatiotemporal distribution of livestock that isrevealed by this approach diverges strongly from that predicted bycommonly-usedpoint-diffusion estimation procedures. Instead, the distribution reflects localpatterns of land use, topography, vegetation, settlements, and water points.Grazing and nongrazing times spent in land units are not spatially correlatedand the seasonality of grazing pressure is spatially variable. Therefore, theecological impacts of livestock grazing are spatially variable at fine scalesand there is a significant potential for livestock-mediated nutrient transfersacross agropastoral landscapes. The georeferenced data produced by thisapproachnot only will help evaluate the impact and sustainability of differentmanagement practices but also provides a strong empirical base for improvedspatial modeling of herded livestock.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

地理专家系统的知识表示与知识库组织

本文介绍了地理专家系统的知识表示和知识库组织的基本原理和方法，并以水土保持专家系统为例，阐述了水土保持专家知识的分类分级方法，以及在水土保持专家系统中知识表示的基本规划和知识库中专家知识的组织方式。在知识获取机构中，系统提供了以辅助编辑手段为主，自然语言理解为辅的人机交互界面，从而简化了专家知识的录入过程，提高了系统的工作效率。     

Bridging the Gap between Centrally Defined Policies and Local Decisions – Towards more Sensitive and Creative Rural Landscape Management

European policies and instruments such as the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and many instruments for nature and landscape conservation in Europe have for some decades been dominated by centralisation and standardisation. This paper shows that this has led to the neglect of contextual and place-related approaches and an unnecessarily high degree of over-simplification. Recently, as a reaction to this over-simplification, diversity and specific character has been particularly stressed in many European and national strategies for rural landscapes and conservation, but the processes of simplification still continue. Using examples from mixed agriculture and forestry landscapes in Portugal, Slovenia and Sweden, this paper aims to contribute to understanding the gap between centrally defined strategies for rural landscapes and awareness and management practices at local level. The three countries are situated at the outer fringes of Europe, and are complementary with their different degrees of urbanisation, forest distribution and tree-richness in the agricultural landscapes. Furthermore, the aim is to show how local landscape management is driven and to identify factors contributing to a better use of public policies through a participatory process with visions for the future. Systems of landscape classifications such as landscape character assessment often recognise the specific character of these landscapes, but have so far achieved very little for the preservation of their locally specific values, nor have they contributed to the development and the creation of new visions for future management. Such systems could contribute much more if they could be opened to adaptation on a more local scale in communication-led management planning.     

我国农村土地流转制度的现实困境与改革创新

首先阐释了农村土地流转的含义及促进农村土地流转制度发展的意义,然后重点分析我国农村土地流转制度现实困境并提出相关改革创新的对策。     

饲用植物的民族植物学--内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗的研究案例

论述了原住民利用饲用植物资源的传统知识和经验的民族植物学研究价值，提出了我国饲用植物资源的民族植物学研究的主要内容，并以内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗的研究结果作了案例进行了深入的探讨。     

Fengshui forest management by the Buyi ethnic minority in China

Fengshui forests, very popular among the ethnic minorities in the rural areas in Guizhou Province of China, have spiritual symbolic meanings and are strictly managed. This paper examines the nature, history, local perceptions and management of fengshui forests in two Buyi villages in the Guizhou Province. With their long history, the fengshui forests are perceived to provide good wishes, security, unity, fortune, wealth and health to the local communities. Fengshui forests act as a form of “community based nature reserve” which maintains the health of natural forests, especially hydrological features and prevention of soil erosion. Cunguimingyue (Folk Regulation and Customs) is the primary local normative mechanism that maintains the fengshui forests in a good condition. The lessons learnt from local fengshui forest management needs to be incorporated in for contemporary China's forest policy formulation as these forests play an important role in rural livelihoods.     

基于特征筛选算法的数字土壤制图研究

平缓地带数字土壤制图中，环境协变量的选择是提高制图精度的关键。已有研究证明遥感影像可作为推理制图的辅助因子，而如何确定环境因子推理制图时各自的权重已成为现阶段研究的重点。选取湖北省麻城市乘马岗镇为研究区，采用3种特征筛选方法进行有效环境变量筛选，探索参与平原-丘陵混合区域制图的因子并确定其重要性，依据选择的相对稳定的指标，进一步探索提高土壤类型制图准确性的途径。根据141个野外独立样点的检验结果表明：在推理制图中，遥感因子在平原区域的重要性程度高于丘陵区域，且遥感因子中归一化植被指数(NDVI)和均值(Mean)较为稳定；基于递归特征算法的按地形推理制图精度最高为75.89%，分别高于ReliefF算法和基于Tree的特征筛选算法13.48%和4.97%；此外3种特征筛选算法制图结果中，按地形因子分区制图的精度均高于整体区域制图。因此，遥感因子作为辅助手段参与推理过程可有效提高制图精度。本研究采用的特征挖掘与机器学习算法对提升土壤制图精度具有一定的理论意义。     

知识经济与洛阳经济可持续发展

知识经济时代，洛阳经济可持续发展战略应该是：加大教育科研改革，全面实施“科教兴洛”战略，夯实知识经济的基础产业；扩大农业的知识资本投入量，促进农业产业化、企业化、资本化经营，实现农业知识化和现代化；得用新技术成果，对传统工业进行知识化改造，着力营造一批高新技术产亚，推动洛阳产业结构全面升级和优化。     

基于赛博空间的图书馆员隐性知识共享

图书馆员的隐性知识是图书馆持续发展的动力,然而由于隐性知识本身特质导致其难以共享,其自身作用的发挥有所抑制。通过比较图书馆员隐性知识与赛博空间在文化特征方面的协调一致性,描述赛博空间对图书馆员隐性知识共享的拓展,凸显赛博空间是馆员隐性知识共享的有效方法。     

基于Web的造林专家咨询系统研究

利用新的信息技术,研究造林专家的造林决策方法,提出造林专家决策咨询系统的目的和功能,给出系统环境和结构、知识库和推理机的设计,建立一个基于网络的、适于不同地区的造林专家决策咨询系统,解决困扰着传统森林培育中的适地适树和造林设计问题.