Incisor ridge modification of the mandibles in freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus

The differences in the ridge structure of the mandibles of different size Astacus leptodactylus (32–80 mm carapace length, CL) were investigated. The results showed that a modification occurs with an increase in size in the incisor ridge of mandibles in A. leptodactylus. The results also showed that A. leptodactylus possesses four different types of ridge structure in the mandibles. These are: (1) Incisor ridge with big teeth (dentate crenate), (2) Blade-like incisor ridge with numerous small teeth, (3) Blade-like ridge (toothless), (4) Blunt ridge. In conclusion, it is thought that the incisor ridge modification of the mandibles may cause the difference in the food choice of different size A. leptodactylus, because, crayfish possessing different ridge structures of the mandible may probably feed on different type of food.     

海鳗消化道的显微结构

采用大体解剖和光镜技术研究了海鳗(Muraenesax cinereius)消化道形态学和组织学。海鳗消化道分化为明显的食道、胃和肠。食道皱襞多且粗大，黏膜为复层上皮，部分区域为单层柱状上皮。上皮中含两种类型的杯状细胞，以杯状细胞层次多为显著特征，此外还有嗜酸性细胞。肌层厚。浆膜中纤维发达，伸人肌层并与黏膜下层相连。胃“Y”形，分为贲门部、盲囊部和幽门部，盲囊部发达。胃上皮为单层柱状上皮，贲门部和盲囊部胃腺发达，至幽门部胃腺逐渐消失。肠短，由具微绒毛的单层柱状上皮构成，小肠前段绒毛分支多且相互吻合，毛细血管丰富，平滑肌多。直肠单层柱状上皮与假复层纤毛柱状上皮共存。海鳗消化道组织结构特点反映了其凶猛、食肉、食量大的食性特点。     

Life history and ecology of the glowbelly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acropoma japonicum</Emphasis> in the Uwa Sea,Japan

ABSTRACT:   The life history and ecology of the glowbelly Acropoma japonicum a commercially important fishery resource, were investigated in the Uwa Sea, Japan. Newly settled juveniles (0⁺) appeared at the end of the breeding season and reached maturity in the next season, i.e. when they became yearlings (1⁺). The yearlings made a gametic effort comparable to that of older fish. During the breeding season, the somatic conditions were more deteriorated for males than for females. That the deterioration of male somatic conditions was not attributable to a sexual difference in energy gain from feeding suggests that the males incurred higher energetic costs of reproduction despite their relatively low gonadosomatic indices. Such an energy depletion may increase the mortality risk, resulting in female-biased sex ratios in the older age classes. Most of the 1⁺ fish disappeared in winter following their first breeding. For A. japonicum , the observed precocity and short life span is notable because it is a higher consumer that is generally expected to show later maturation and longer life. As possible explanations for their disappearances, predation and postbreeding emaciation were less likely. While fishing is one of the most influential factors, the possibility of age-specific migration toward deeper waters remains to be examined.     

我国上市公司融资结构与优化对策

现代资本结构理论揭示了企业的最优融资顺序为:内部融资——债权融资——股权融资,而我国上市公司的融资行为与现代企业资本结构理论并不一致,表现出较强的股权偏好现象。本文对这种现状的原因进行了分析,并针对这种不合理融资结构所带来的弊端提出了相关建议。     

The genetic structure of Mytilus chilensis (Hupé 1854) populations along the Chilean coast based on RAPDs analysis

The Chilean blue mussel Mytilus chilensis is an important commercial species. However, little has been published on the population genetics of this species, despite the need to implement management and conservation policies. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA‐polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to estimate genetic variation within and between eight natural populations along the whole range of its Chilean natural distribution (ca. 1900 km from Arauco (VIII Region) to Punta Arenas (XII Region)). The values of Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D (0.030–0.107), among populations were small, despite the large geographic separation. A mantel test using 50 000 randomizations showed evidence for a significant correlation (r=0.74, P<0.05) between genetic and geographic (coastal) distance. Punta Arenas population was the most genetically differentiated from the others, although the scale of differentiation was not large (D=0.076–0.107). The levels of gene flow (Nm=1.55) found in this study prevent differentiation among populations by genetic drift. This is the result of the long‐lived planktotrophic larvae of M. chilensis, which provides this species with considerable dispersal ability throughout its range, which is favoured by the ocean currents along the Chilean coast. A restricted larval dispersal towards the north due to the Cape Horn Current derived from the West Wind Drift could be the cause of the higher genetic differentiation of Punta Arenas population from the northern populations. For management purposes of the M. chilensis fishery, the results provide no evidence for discrete stocks, with the possible exception of the Punta Arenas population. The present study provides the baseline data in order to continue further characterization of these mussel populations, considering the great increase in aquaculture of this species.     

长江刀鲚繁殖群体的生长特性

刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是一种具有多种生活史类型的中小型鱼类,溯江洄游中的刀鲚也是目前长江下游最重要的经济鱼类之一。为评估刀鲚渔业生物学特征的变化趋势,分析了2012年5月采自长江靖江段的458尾刀鲚繁殖群体样本。结果显示,刀鲚繁殖群体由1~4龄组成,其中2~3龄个体占85.81%;体长14.2~38.9 cm,平均(25.72±4.08)cm;体重9.2~208.4 g,平均(69.59±33.73)g;体长与体重关系式W=0.0028L3.0866(R2=0.915 3);平均丰满度为0.38±0.08。依据生长方程Lt=40.82[1–e-0.31(t+0.55)]和Wt=262.59[1–e-0.31(t+0.55)]3,求得渐近体长L∞为40.82 cm,渐近体重W∞为262.59 g,体重生长的拐点出现在2.99龄的Wt=77.66 g。与20世纪70年代的研究结果相比,长江刀鲚繁殖群体中补充群体和低龄剩余群体的比例显著增加,低龄化和小型化趋势明显,丰满度下降,资源衰退严重,但生长潜力依然存在。应采取降低对繁殖群体的捕捞强度、保护产卵场等积极措施来保护这一珍贵的渔业资源。     

浙西北马尾松公益林分类研究与评价

为了研究浙江省西北部马尾松Pinus massoniana公益林的生态效益及高效马尾松的群落结构特征,以浙江西北重点区域马尾松公益林群落为对象,利用典型样地调查方法,在聚类分析、多样性分析、相似性分析的基础上对马尾松公益林进行全面剖析。结果表明:浙江省西北部马尾松公益林可分为7个类型,其中以常绿阔叶为主的阔松复合混交林类型(类型Ⅶ)多样性较大、生态效益较高;选用常绿阔叶林和以常绿阔叶为主的阔松复合混交林(类型Ⅶ)等2个类型作为优质高效公益林目标类型,并利用相似性分析将除以常绿阔叶为主的阔松复合混交林类型以外的马尾松公益林类型(类型Ⅰ~Ⅵ)划分为马尾松低效公益林。通过各森林类型物种丰富度、物种多样性分析,对马尾松公益林从演替理论进行剖析,为低效马尾松公益林分类建设提供科学依据。     

基于AFLP分子标记的不同类型野生桂花种群遗传结构分析

桂花Osmanthus fragrans具有极高的经济价值和观赏价值。研究野生桂花种群的遗传多样性有利于为新品种的选育以及野生桂花资源的保护提供重要的依据。利用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)技术对江西全南(衰退型)和福建长汀(稳定型)这2个桂花自然种群96个个体进行了遗传多样性评估。7对引物组合共检测到330个清晰位点,其中多态位点276个,占83.64%。在物种水平,桂花的Shannon多态性信息指数(I)为0.428 3,Nei’s基因多样性(He)为0.285 6,表明桂花具有丰富的遗传多样性;在种群水平,福建长汀种群的多态性指数均高于江西全南种群,表明包含不同世代、具有较好自然更新能力的长汀种群携带更丰富的遗传信息;分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明:桂花的遗传变异主要存在于种群内(71%),种群间的遗传变异只占29%;2个种群间存在一定的遗传分化(Gst=0.161 6),种群间基因流较小(Nm=2.594 9)。     

矮壮素浸种对黄瓜幼苗下胚轴伸长及细胞亚显微结构的影响

为了明确矮壮素（CCC）浸种对黄瓜幼苗下胚轴伸长的影响,以3 000 mg·L^-1 矮壮素对黄瓜品种中农203 进行浸种处理,测定黄瓜幼苗下胚轴生长的形态指标,并采用透射电子显微镜观察下胚轴薄壁细胞亚显微结构的变化。结果表明：矮壮素浸种处理能显著降低黄瓜幼苗下胚轴的长度,促进干物质积累。与对照相比,矮壮素浸种处理使黄瓜幼苗下胚轴薄壁细胞的细胞壁明显加厚,液泡数目增加,体积变小,叶绿体形态和结构发生改变,基粒含量和淀粉粒数量增加。     

人工催熟日本鳗鲡精子的显微和超微结构

对经人工催产获得的日本鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）精子的显微和超微结构进行了观察。光镜下观察，日本鳗鲡精子有两种形态结构，一种精子的细胞核为圆形或近 似圆形，这精子较小，细胞核长径为(2.57±0.62) μm，短径为(2.11±0.59) μm，鞭毛长度为(38.35±7.71) μm；另外一种精子的细胞核为“眉形”或“新月形”，精子较大，细胞核长径为(7.66±1.09) μm，短径为(2.54±0.46) μm，鞭毛长度为(38.35±9.02) μm。透射电镜观察结果显示：圆形精子头部的顶端无顶体，植入窝位于细胞核底端的中间，由细胞核向内凹陷而成，呈一沟状，其走向与精子的长轴平行。中心粒复合体位于植入窝内。细胞核的下端有2～3个线粒体。基体的头端呈筒状，由电子致密物构成。基体的尾端分裂成9束。尾部从袖套腔中伸出且细长，轴丝始端与基体的尾端相连，微管多呈电子致密状，轴丝为典型的“9+2”结构。圆形精子为日本鳗鲡正常成熟的精子。“眉形”或“新月形”精子头部细胞核弯曲，在弯曲处有一圆形的球状物，球状物内含有线粒体和中心粒复合体，轴丝为“9+0”结构。这种精子可能存在发育缺陷或没有达到完全正常成熟。