泥石流滩地土地生产潜力评价——以云南小江流域蒋家沟为例

小江流域泥石流滩地水源充足、热量丰富,气候生产潜力(47641kghm-2)较高。本文应用加权指数和法确定了不同类型泥石流滩地(荒滩地、改良滩地和非改良滩地)土壤有效系数f(s)分别为0.405、0.684和0.594;根据生产力阶乘公式计算其气候—土壤生产潜力分别为19295kghm-2、32586kghm-2和28299kghm-2。通过实地调查验证,本文对泥石流滩地生产潜力的估算与现实生产力水平基本吻合,证明本文提出的泥石流滩地土壤有效系数切实可行。     

黄土高原植被净初级生产力时空变化及其影响因素

为了探明黄土高原地区植被生产力变化的驱动机制,该文基于MODIS传感器获得的MOD17A3数据,分析了黄土高原2000-2010年间植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)的时空变化及其主要影响因素,并借助多元统计分析方法对引起NPP变化的自然和人为因素进行量化分析。结果表明:黄土高原植被总NPP从2000年的119 Tg(以C计)增加到2010年的144 Tg(以C计),年增速4.57 g/(m2·a)(P0.05)(以C计)。黄土高原约91%的区域NPP呈增加趋势,37%的区域增加趋势显著,主要分布在陕西、青海大部分地区、甘肃南部及宁南山区。整个黄土高原近11 a间NPP变化受自然和人为因素共同影响,其中退耕还林还草累计面积、帕尔默干旱指数(palmer drought severity index,PDSI)、耕地面积和人口数量是影响NPP变化的主要因素。退耕还林还草累计面积占四者总贡献率的43%,PDSI占40%,耕地面积和人口数量分别占13%和4%。对区域而言,由退耕还林还草工程引起的土地利用覆被变化是退耕区(陕北、甘肃东南部等)NPP增加的主要因素,而近年来干旱情况的缓解(PDSI呈上升趋势)则是青海、内蒙古等地NPP增加的主要因素。该研究对于黄土高原各区域生态资源管理,以及生态系统的建设具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

Significant Nitrogen by Sulfur Interactions Occurred for Canola Grain Production and Oil Concentration in Grain on Sandy Soils in the Mediterranean-Type Climate of Southwestern Australia

The nitrogen (N) by sulfur (S) interaction for canola (Brassica napus L.) grain production and oil concentration in grain has been quantified in temperate climates, but it is not known if these results also apply to sandy soils common in the Mediterranean-type climate of southwestern Australia where canola is now a major crop. Seventeen field experiments were undertaken with canola in the region during 1994 to 2005 in which 4 rates of both N (0–138 kg N/ha) and S (0–34 kg S/ha) were applied. Significant grain yield responses to applied N occurred in all experiments and the responses increased as more S was applied. Grain yield responses to applied S only occurred when N was applied and tended to increase as more N was applied. When no S was applied the two largest rates of N applied, 69 and 138 kg N/ha, induced S deficiency reducing grain yields. The oil concentration in grain tended to decrease as more N was applied and increased as more S was applied, particularly when the two largest rates of N were applied. Consequently significant N × S interactions were obtained in all experiments for grain production and in 15 experiments for oil concentration in grain.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of different wheat plant types under dryland and irrigated conditions 1

The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant type in major producing areas of the U.S. is changing rapidly from tall cultivars to high‐yielding semidwarf cultivars. Objectives of experiments were to determine if nitrogen and phosphorus nutritional requirements differ between traditional tall cultivars and modern semidwarf cultivars under dryland and irrigated conditions. ‘Larned’, a tall cultivar; ‘Newton’, a semidwarf cultivar; and ‘Plainsman V, a high‐protein semidwarf cultivar, were grown with all combinations of three nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 84, and 168 kg N/ha) and two phosphorus fertilizer levels (0 and 90 kg P₂O₅/ha) at Colby, Kansas for two years. Three levels of irrigation—dryland, limited irrigation, and full irrigation—were applied. Grain yields were highest with 84 kg N/ha under dryland and with 168 kg N/ha under irrigation. Phosphorus increased grain yield under dryland conditions one year, but had no effect under irrigated conditions. Cultivar X nutrition interactions from differential yield responses to fertility levels occurred under the dryland and limited irrigation regimes one year. Grain protein content was increased by nitrogen fertilization under all regimes both years and was decreased only by phosphorus fertilization under dryland conditions one year. Cultivar X nitrogen interactions for grain protein occurred under all irrigation regimes. We concluded that nutrient requirements do not differ between tall and semi dwarf wheat culti‐vars under any irrigation regime. Raising the recommended level of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, should be considered for all cultivars, both tall and semidwarf.     

基于辽宁省农用地产能的人口承载力测算研究

土地资源人口承载力对编制国民经济发展规划、加强土地管理、合理利用土地都有一定的指示作用,利用农用地分等成果核算农用地产能以及根据自然增长法对未来20a预测出的人口数,测算出土地资源人口承载力,为未来土地利用的方向提供依据。     

Genetic and Association Mapping Study of English Grain Aphid Resistance and Tolerance in Bread Wheat Germplasm

English grain aphid （EGA） is a destructive insect pest of wheat. To identify the loci associated with EGA resistance and tolerance, 70 bread wheat accessions mainly from central Asia were evaluated for EGA resistance and tolerance traits at two locations, and genotyped with 51 SSR markers. Totally, three accessions showed high or moderate levels resistance and 17 genotypes displayed highly or moderately tolerate to EGA. Genetic diversity of these lines was investigated also. After 97 SSR loci which evenly covered all wheat chromosomes were scanned for association, four SSR loci were significantly associated with EGA resistance and four with EGA tolerance. After association analysis was conducted with dynamic aphid densities, we found four loci Xgwm192b, Xgwm391, Xbarc98, and Xgwm613b were detected continuously at different growing stages of wheat. In addition, the loci of EGA resistance/tolerance and Russian wheat aphid resistance were compared. The results generated in this study would be helpful for utilization of the EGA resistance/tolerance germplasm, and for development of mapping populations in EGA resistance breeding programs.     

桂西天然草地生产性能

采用样地样方法和地上生物量收获法对广西西部(桂西)5个县的天然草地进行调查,结合养分含量分析,探讨桂西天然草地生产力及其开发利用前景.结果表明,桂西草地主要由禾本科草类组成,根据优势种不同,分为五节芒Miscanthus floridulus、类芦Neyraudia reynaudiana、水蔗草Apluda mutica等9个类型,为中草和高草草型,具有相对稳定性、耐旱、耐热的特点.草地群落生物量较高,从产量而言,均达到一级草地水平.但营养型仅为碳型至碳氮型.根据蛋白质含量状况,绝大多数草地类型为中等饲用等级.因此充分利用桂西草地资源优势,引进现代牧草科学的理念和管理技术对天然草场进行改良,引进豆科牧草,提高桂西草场营养等级,促进南方草地经济发展意义重大.     

玉米单株农艺性状与粒重的相关和通径分析

以分别来自贵州本省及中国北方且粒型、株型不同的6个杂交玉米品种及2个玉米群体为研究材料,在乳熟期基于单株对株高、穗位高、茎粗及穗位叶面积进行调查,成熟后再对其单株粒重进行调查,并分析各农艺性状对粒重的相关性及贡献大小。相关分析结果表明：8个玉米材料的株高、穗位高与单株粒重的相关性在不同材料间有差异,而单株茎粗及穗位叶面积与粒重间的相关性全部达到了显著水平。通径分析结果表明：在对单株粒重的直接作用中,以茎粗最大且在不同品种间表现稳定;其次为株高与叶面积,穗位高的直接作用依品种不同而差异很大;穗位叶面积在茎粗对粒重的间接影响中贡献最大,而茎粗在穗位叶面积、株高及穗位高对粒重的间接作用中均发挥着最大或较大的正向作用;穗位叶面积与穗位高对粒重的间接贡献都大于直接贡献。     

小麦籽粒灌浆特性分析

用Richards方程对新春8号等6个春小麦品种籽粒灌浆过程进行了拟合。结果表明,新春6号、新春9号和Geleng为典型的强、弱势粒异步灌浆型品种;新春8号、宁春30号和新陇麦15为典型的强、弱势粒同步灌浆型品种。异步灌浆型品种强、弱势粒起始势之间差异较大,强势粒进入灌浆盛期较弱势粒早;同步灌浆型品种强、弱势粒起始势之间差异不大。灌浆过程的前期、中期和后期3个阶段对总灌浆物质的贡献分别约占26％,45％, 29％,但所需的时间在强、弱势粒和品种间有较大差异。     

生产函数异质性与地区农业经济增长——基于时空异质弹性生产函数模型

利用改革开放以来中国31个省(市、自治区,统计数据未含港、澳、台地区,下同)农业要素投入产出数据,基于农业要素收入份额存在较大差异的基本国情,从时间和空间维度放宽传统Cobb-Douglas生产函数模型产出弹性为固定常数的假定,通过构建时空异质弹性生产函数模型对改革开放以来中国不同地区、不同阶段农业要素投入、技术进步与...