Effects of irrigation strategies and soils on field grown potatoes: Yield and water productivity

Yield and water productivity of potatoes grown in 4.32 m² lysimeters were measured in coarse sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam and imposed to full (FI), deficit (DI), and partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation strategies. PRD and DI as water-saving irrigation treatments received 65% of FI after tuber bulking and lasted for 6 weeks until final harvest. Analysis across the soil textures showed that fresh yields were not significant between the irrigation treatments. However, the same analysis across the irrigation treatments revealed that the effect of soil texture was significant on the fresh yield and loamy sand produced significantly higher fresh yield than the other two soils, probably because of higher leaf area index, higher photosynthesis rates, and “stay-green” effect late in the growing season. More analysis showed that there was a significant interaction between the irrigation treatments and soil textures that the highest fresh yield was obtained under FI in loamy sand. Furthermore, analysis across the soil textures showed that water productivities, WP (kg ha⁻¹ fresh tuber yield mm⁻¹ ET) were not significantly different between the irrigation treatments. However, across the irrigation treatments, the soil textures were significantly different. This showed that the interaction between irrigation treatments and soil textures was significant that the highest significant WP was obtained under DI in sandy loam. While PRD and DI treatments increased WP by, respectively, 11 and 5% in coarse sand and 28 and 36% in sandy loam relative to FI, they decreased WP in loamy sand by 15 and 13%. The reduced WP in loamy sand was due to nearly 28% fresh tuber yield loss in PRD and DI relative to FI even though ET was reduced by 9 and 11% in these irrigation treatments. This study showed that different soils will affect water-saving irrigation strategies that are worth knowing for suitable agricultural water management. So, under non-limited water resources conditions, loamy sand produces the highest yield under full irrigation but water-saving irrigations (PRD and DI) are not recommended due to considerable loss (28%) in yield. However, under restricted water resources, it is recommended to apply water-saving irrigations in sandy loam and coarse sand to achieve the highest water productivity.     

一种马铃薯淀粉泵的研制

介绍了一种马铃薯淀粉生产设备DFB－80－65－230淀粉泵的设计方法，并不同技术性能同类泵的研制提供了设计实例。     

厌氧发酵残留物对土壤酶动态特性的影响

通过温室盆栽生菜试验,研究厌氧发酵残留物对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶和中性磷酸酶动态特性以及作物产量的影响.试验以菜园土作为栽培基质,并以是否施用厌氧发酵残留物和种植作物进行设计,生菜种植期为50天,试验中间隔10天测定一次土壤酶活性.结果表明,施用厌氧发酵残留物能明显提高土壤酶的活性,且施用量越多,酶活性越高,生菜的产量也越高.栽种生菜的土壤酶活性高于相应的对照组,酶活性的变化基本和生菜的生长过程一致,在30～40天之间达到最高酶活性.土壤酶活性的提高表明,施用厌氧发酵残留物能改善土壤结构和性能,提高土壤的肥力和生产能力.     

4UX—550型马铃薯收获机悬挂机组机液耦合仿真

应用Pro/E软件建立了4UX-550型马铃薯收获机与东方红200P型拖拉机悬挂机构参数化模型,进行了拖拉机悬挂机构与马铃薯收获机装配.将装配模型导入ADAMS中,建立了液压提升回路系统模型,进行了机械系统与液压系统的耦合仿真.结果表明,液压力驱动悬挂机组提升工况下,上悬挂点垂直方向出现最大力的时间要比机械力驱动滞后0.080 s,下悬挂点滞后0.088 s;下降工况下,上悬挂点滞后0.056 s,下悬挂点滞后0.060 s.液压力驱动与机械力驱动上、下悬挂点的受力基本相同,液压缸缓冲力的波动范围为5.09 ～ 15.39 N.     

基于量子神经网络的马铃薯早疫病诊断模型

针对马铃薯早疫病智能诊断,将量子计算的态叠加方法和神经网络计算的自适应性结合,提出了将量子神经网络作为马铃薯早疫病诊断模型.该模型隐含层采用多个量子能级的激励函数叠加的量子神经元,有效地解决了病害诊断中模糊决策,在给出的学习算法的训练过程中自适应地确定样本特征数据中的不确定性.此算法能够较好地避免传统神经网络在训练过程中易出现局部极小值的弊端,提高了网络学习速度.仿真结果表明:量子神经网络在马铃薯早疫病诊断中,诊断正确率达到96.5％.     

播期对玉米生长发育和产量的影响

以郑单958、丹玉39为试材,研究播种期对玉米生育期、籽粒灌浆速率、农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明：在不同播期条件下,郑单958均比丹玉39生育期少12d左右,且播种越晚,生育期越短;两品种相同播期的灌浆速率变化规律一致;郑单958的千粒质量、穗粒数、株高、穗位均低于丹玉39;5月14日播种的玉米产量最高。     

The impact of climate change on maize yields in the United States and China

This study analyzes the impacts of climate change on maize yields using an econometric model that incorporates climate, economic, and technology variables. The major finding is climate change will not universally cause negative impacts of maize yields in the United States and China. The results of a simulation of climate change on maize yields over the period 2008-2030 show that a combination of changes in temperature and precipitation can either bring positive or negative effects on maize yields. Furthermore, variation in regional climatic and economic conditions makes the impacts of climatic change on maize yields substantially different in different regions. In this research, the impacts of climate change on maize yields are not simply examined by climate factors. Economic and technology adaptation effects on maize yields are also incorporated. Thus, even with significant changes in climate conditions that alter the maize crop’s growing environment and affect crop yields, a decrease in maize supply due to a decrease in maize yields would lead to an increase in the maize price, which in turn would induce farmers to add more investments in production inputs to raise yields. Thus, the decrease in actual yields may not be as dramatic as predicted in only climate factor considered cases. In this research, findings gained from the study can be used for early-staged policymaking decisions and advanced problem prevention programs. To ensure the continuous increase in maize yields in the future, further studies and research, as well as efficient environmental policies and actions are required.     

Yield and soil system changes from conservation tillage in dryland farming: A case study from North Eastern Tanzania

Yield levels in smallholder farming systems in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa are generally low. Water shortage in the root zone during critical crop development stages is a fundamental constraining factor. While there is ample evidence to show that conservation tillage can promote soil health, it has recently been suggested that the main benefit in semi-arid farming systems may in fact be an in situ water harvesting effect. In this paper we present the result from an on-farm conservation tillage experiment (combining ripping with mulch and manure application) that was carried out in North Eastern Tanzania from 2005 to 2008. Special attention was given to the effects of the tested treatment on the capacity of the soil to retain moisture. The tested conservation treatment only had a clear yield increasing effect during one of the six experimental seasons (maize grain yields increased by 41%, and biomass by 65%), and this was a season that received exceptional amounts of rainfall (549 mm). While the other seasons provided mixed results, there seemed to be an increasing yield gap between the conservation tillage treatment and the control towards the end of the experiment, and cumulatively the yield increased with 17%. Regarding soil system changes, small but significant effects on chemical and microbiological properties, but not on physical properties, were observed. This raises questions about the suggested water harvesting effect and its potential to contribute to stabilized yield levels under semi-arid conditions. We conclude that, at least in a shorter time perspective, the tested type of conservation tillage seems to boost productivity during already good seasons, rather than stabilize harvests during poor rainfall seasons. Highlighting the challenges involved in upgrading these farming systems, we discuss the potential contribution of conservation tillage towards improved water availability in the crop root zone in a longer term perspective.     

温室番茄结果期产量和品质对水分亏缺的响应

试验以甘肃武威市凉州区传统灌水量为对照(CK),设计3个灌水量水平CK、2/3CK、1/2CK,在番茄结果期研究亏缺灌溉对日光温室番茄累计产量及平均单果质量、品质、干物质分配及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,随着灌水量的减少,水分利用率显著提高,番茄果实中的可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白、有机酸和Vc含量均增加,果实的累计采收...     

Effect of dairy slurry application on soil compaction and corn (Zea mays L.) yield in Southern Wisconsin

As stocking rates on Wisconsin dairy farms continue to increase, one possible nutrient management solution is to haul slurry to nearby grain farmer's fields. Although the nutrient and soil building benefits of manure are well known, many grain farmers are hesitant to apply manure on their fields due to potential soil compaction. Studies were initiated to evaluate the effects of tanker-applied slurry on soil compaction and corn (Zea mays L.) yield. An on-station trial was established to address the issues of compaction caused by manure tankers, repeated traffic associated with field headlands, and the possible ameliorating effect of manure itself on corn yield. In addition, 15 replicated on-farm trials were established to evaluate the impact of single pass manure applications on soil compaction and yield. These predominately fall applications were conducted when the host farmer felt that the soil would support tanker traffic. Due to its portability and instrument sensitivity, compactness was evaluated with a data-logging hand held penetrometer.Results from the on-station trial indicate that multiple passes did increase compactness above single-pass traffic and the check. The slurry itself did not attenuate the effect of traffic on soil compaction, nor on yield. Despite yield reductions estimated from in-track samples in both years of 6% (one-pass traffic) and 22% (six-pass traffic) in this study, whole plot corn yields were not reduced due to compaction. The on-farm trials indicated that manure application technique does affect compaction patterns; with broadcast application resulting in less area trafficked by the tanker than injection application, and therefore less area compacted. The narrower gauge truck tires used at some sites led to significantly higher penetrometer readings compared to the control, but this was not the case at sites with wider tractor tires. As in the on-station work, although compaction led to higher penetrometer readings, whole plot corn yields in compacted plots were not adversely affected compared to the control. These results suggest that, in the first year after slurry application, on predominantly prairie derived soils; well-timed applications of dairy slurry do not cause extensive soil compaction nor a reduction in corn yields. This study did not look at the potential residual effects that may positively (>soil organic matter) or negatively (residual soil compaction) impact subsequent crops.