CO2 and ozone effects on canopy development of potato crops across Europe

This paper describes the effects of elevated CO₂ (550 and 680 μl l⁻¹) and O₃ (60 nl l⁻¹ O₃ as an 8 h mean), alone or in combination, on canopy development and senescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Bintje) across a range of European agro-climatic conditions. The assessments were made within the European CHIP project (CHanging climate and potential Impacts on Potato yield and quality) that was conducted for two growing seasons (1998 and 1999) in free air CO₂ enrichment systems (FACE) and open-top chamber facilities (OTCs) at seven European sites. A comparison of chambered and unchambered experimental plots was included to examine the effects of chamber enclosure. Phenological growth stages, plant height, leaf area index (LAI) and the number of green and yellow leaves were recorded non-destructively throughout the growing season and by a destructive intermediate harvest at maximum leaf area (MLA). In the dynamic growth analysis CO₂ and O₃ effects were studied over three developmental stages: canopy expansion, full canopy and canopy senescence. Chamber enclosures promoted potato crop development (taller plants, more leaves) during the initial growth stages and led to a faster decline of LAI and a higher number of yellow leaves. The growth in ambient plots varied between sites and seasons, as did the scale of the treatment responses. Despite the large background variation, some overall treatment effects could be detected across all sites. Both levels of increased CO₂ reduced final plant height in comparison to ambient concentrations, which indicates a premature ending of the active plant growth. At the stage of full canopy and crop senescence the average number of green leaves was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 680 μl l⁻¹ CO₂ (OTC experiments) and LAI showed the same tendency (P=0.07). As there was however no indication of a decreased leaf formation during initial growth and at full canopy, this must have been due to an earlier leaf fall. In the FACE experiments LAI had already began to decline at the stage of full canopy at 550 μl l⁻¹ CO₂ but not in ambient CO₂ (DAE×CO₂, P<0.05). These observations strongly indicated that elevated CO₂ induced a premature senescence during full canopy. O₃ did not have an overall detrimental effect on crop development during initial growth nor at full canopy, but did induce a faster reduction of LAI during crop senescence (DAE×O₃, P<0.05). Final plant height was not affected by O₃. There were few CO₂×O₃ interactions detected. There was a suggestion (P=0.06) that O₃ counteracted the CO₂-induced decrease of green leaves at full canopy, but on the other hand during crop senescence the decline of LAI due to elevated O₃ was faster at ambient compared to elevated CO₂ (P<0.05). These responses of canopy development to elevated CO₂ and O₃ help to explain the treatment responses of potato yield within the CHIP project at sites across Europe.     

Molecular Analysis of Local Potato Cultivars from Tenerife Island Using Microsatellite Markers

We have used 19 SSR markers to fingerprint 41 local potato cultivars from 10 locations of Tenerife Island. These varieties represent relicts of the early introductions originating from South America and have been characterised previously morphologically and ecophysiologically. The SSR primers generated a varying degree of polymorphisms. A total of 67 alleles were observed, 12 of them were present in all cultivars. Several accession and group specific alleles were detected. Similarity coefficients were computed from the molecular data and cluster analyses were performed. Generally, cultivar groups with identical or related common names showed the same SSR patterns or clustered closely together. According to the molecular patterns misleading or confounded names were evident for four accessions. The dendrogram clusters were generally in good agreement with previous classifications of the accessions as Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena, S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum and Solanum chaucha genotypes. However in four cases the molecular patterns showed discrepancies with previous species assignments suggesting the need for a more detailed and comparative study of these accessions.     

营养与株型调控对雾培马铃薯的结薯生理影响

本研究采用3套营养液配方与3种株型调控措施探讨了不同马铃薯(Solanum tuberosumL.)品种的结薯生理效应。结果表明:不同营养液配方对雾培马铃薯的“源流库”皆存在一定的影响;采用以前期最小、结薯期最大的N/K和NH4 -N/NO3--N比值的A2营养液,对植株的光合势、叶绿素含量、根系活力、匍匐茎数、总薯数、总薯重以及后期末茎叶鲜重与干重等的增长刺激作用最大,其中又以“CIP24”品种的结薯性能最好;下放植株、喷施矮壮素和剪尖处理的不同组合均能使“CIP24”品种在A2营养液下增加光合势,降低株高,增加鲜重和增大根系体积。     

氮磷钾肥对马铃薯营养状况及块茎产量的影响

试验分别在甘肃省景泰县、内蒙古自治区达拉特旗和河北省沽源县3个马铃薯生产基地进行,在基地常规N、P2O5、K2O肥施用量分别为300、345、375kg/hm2的基础上,研究改变磷、钾、氮肥用量对马铃薯营养状况、块茎产量以及土壤养分的影响。试验结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥用量分别从N300、P2O5345、K2O375kg/hm2降低到180、180、225kg/hm2,对植株干物质累积量没有显著影响,3个基地都呈相同的趋势;3个基地不同处理的块茎产量也没有显著性差异。因此,在试验条件下,氮、磷、钾肥用量和比例为180-180-225的施肥处理,其经济效益较高。施肥对土壤养分含量有较大的影响,特别是磷肥,当施用磷肥后,土壤速效磷含量显著提高,而且主要存在于表层土壤(0￣20cm),这说明缺磷土壤通过施用磷肥,可提高土壤有效磷水平。     

马铃薯试管薯诱导影响因子的研究

以马铃薯品种大西洋脱毒试管苗为材料,研究了切段年龄、温度、激素、光照对马铃薯试管薯诱导的影响,在此基础上,进一步研究了蛭石覆盖茎节代替黑暗条件的不同培养方式对马铃薯试管薯诱导的影响。结果表明,结薯与切段的年龄有关,用培养100 d左右的苗即老的切段、白天25℃,夜间18℃的变温、培养基中添加激素6-BA浓度为2.5~5.0 mg/L时,试管薯诱导率高;在上述条件下,将蛭石灭菌后按每瓶30 ml直接倒入原来的培养瓶覆盖试管苗下部茎节2~4节,能够使覆盖茎节处快速生出匍匐茎,最终形成块茎,平均单株结薯1.9个,大大提高了试管薯诱导率。     

施锰对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

通过对马铃薯种薯进行浸种试验,研究锰素对马铃薯生长发育及产量和品质的影响。结果表明:适量的锰肥可以促进马铃薯的生长发育,增强抗逆性,提高产量和品质;但锰素过多又会产生不利影响;硫酸锰溶液的适宜浓度是0.01%~0.1%。     

茎矮高产抗病加工用马铃薯品种“川芋6号”的创新培育

马铃薯川芋6号鲜薯产量高,较脱毒川芋56[1]及脱毒米拉增产显著;具有株矮,生育期适中;抗病毒PVX、PVY,抗晚疫病;大中薯率高,休眠期较长,耐贮;鲜薯块茎干物质含量较高,维生素C含量高,还原糖含量低,食味优等优良特性。并适应性广,是鲜薯加工和食用兼用型品种,2004年通过四川省品种审定,并被列为四川省主要推广品种。     

马铃薯贮藏期间干物质、还原糖、淀粉含量的变化

针对生产中栽培的5个马铃薯品种贮藏期间干物质、淀粉、还原糖含量变化及其相互关系进行分析研究,结果表明,贮藏期间马铃薯不同品种块茎干物质含量有极显著差异(P<0.01);同一品种不同贮藏时期干物质含量差异不显著;不同品种、不同贮藏时期马铃薯块茎淀粉含量和还原糖含量均有极显著差异(P<0.01);贮藏期间马铃薯块茎干物质含量与淀粉含量之间有显著的正相关关系r=0.902。     

不同覆盖模式对旱作马铃薯生育期及土壤含水量的影响

[目的]探讨旱作马铃薯最佳栽培模式。[方法]以陇薯6号为材料,研究了不同覆盖处理[A.露地(CK);B.全膜双垄垄侧栽培;C.半膜垄作;D.垄作覆草]对马铃薯生长和土壤含水量的影响。[结果]处理B的马铃薯生长最快,而露地对照的生长最慢。开花期处理B、C、D株高较露地对照高6.9、3.9、8.3 cm,基部分枝数多0.6、0.1、0.6个。3种覆盖模式单株结薯(6.1~6.3个)高于露地对照(4.5个)。处理B单株薯重最重,达1.73 kg;处理D商品率最高,达到了82.89%,露地对照的商品率最低为72.08%。各处理单位产量表现为B>D>C>A。不同时期的0~20 cm土壤含水量均以处理B最高。[结论]处理B(全膜双垄垄侧栽培)是旱作马铃薯的最优栽培模式。     

互助县马铃薯生产现状及发展对策

互助县依托高原独特的自然资源,生产市场所需的各种无污染马铃薯,种植面积逐年扩大,生产品种不断齐全,产业化发展逐步完善,以公司 基地 农户的生产方式减少市场风险,是今后发展马铃薯生产的必经之路。